Neurological Disorders and Syndromes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

  • Diabetes
  • Smoking
  • Family history (correct)
  • Blood pressure

    • Which of the following is a symptom of stroke?

  • Chest pain
  • Numbness/weakness (correct)
  • Fever
  • Headache

    • What is the difference between a TIA and a stroke?

  • TIA is a milder form of stroke
  • TIA is caused by hemorrhage
  • TIA is longer than a stroke
  • TIA does not cause neuron death (correct)

    • Which part of the spinal cord receives inputs from descending upper motor neurons (UMN) and contains alpha and gamma motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

    <p>Lamina IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the basal ganglia is responsible for integration, movement cognition, eye movement, and emotion?

    <p>Caudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prominent clinical feature of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Bradykinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve injury involves axon damage and Wallerian degeneration, but recovery is possible with a good prognosis?

    <p>Axonotmesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of uncal herniation?

    <p>Ipsilateral dilated (blown) pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common direction of herniation?

    <p>Subfalcine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the displacement of brain tissue due to increased ICP?

    <p>Mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for brain herniations?

    <p>Remove lesion causing mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body has the lowest threshold for somatosensation?

    <p>Face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of conduction deafness?

    <p>Damage to the external or middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of glaucoma?

    <p>Inadequate drainage of aqueous humor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over 55?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in the posterior tongue?

    <p>CN IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of CN X (vagus nerve) bilateral lesions?

    <p>Dysphagia and hoarse voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of Horner's syndrome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for orthostatic hypotension?

    <p>Mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of stroke?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sudden loss of consciousness?

    <p>Syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of hemorrhagic stroke?

    <p>Severe headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for ischemic stroke?

    <p>tPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of stroke?

    <p>Speech, seizures, numbness/weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of sensorineural deafness?

    <p>Damage to the auditory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for controlling the constriction of the pupil?

    <p>Pretectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of vestibular system dysfunction?

    <p>Scarpa's ganglion damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the leading cause of blindness worldwide?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for accommodation?

    <p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of myopia?

    <p>Curved cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the basal ganglia is responsible for integration, movement cognition, eye movement, and emotion?

    <p>Caudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prominent clinical feature of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Bradykinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of Horner's syndrome?

    <p>Ptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over 55?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for taste in the posterior tongue?

    <p>CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve injury involves axon damage and Wallerian degeneration, but recovery is possible with a good prognosis?

    <p>Axonotmesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of ascending transtentorial herniation?

    <p>Circulatory collapse and respiratory arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of subfalcine herniation?

    <p>Mass effect in the supratentorial compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of tonsillar herniation?

    <p>Coning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the compression of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in uncal herniation?

    <p>Homonymous hemianopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death in ascending transtentorial herniation?

    <p>Compression of the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in Cushing's Triad?

    <p>Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the inability to shrug shoulders and rotate the head when paralyzed?

    <p>CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for orthostatic hypotension characterized by a drop in blood pressure upon assuming a vertical position?

    <p>Mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of Horner's syndrome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Raynaud's disease characterized by spasmodic vasoconstriction of arteries in the fingers and toes?

    <p>Sympathetic blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of congestive heart failure resulting in insufficient pumping of blood to the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in managing autonomic dysreflexia, a potentially dangerous condition that can occur in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above?

    <p>Sit the patient up to control blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the basal ganglia is responsible for integration, movement cognition, eye movement, and emotion?

    <p>Caudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of Huntington's Disease?

    <p>Choreic, ballistic, hyperkinetic movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the visual pathway is responsible for controlling the constriction of the pupil?

    <p>Edinger-Westphal nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for ataxia, including symptoms such as dysmetria, past-pointing, dysdiadochokinesia, and intention tremor?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of hemiballism?

    <p>One-sided violent involuntary ballistic movements of limbs contralateral to lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the compression of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in uncal herniation?

    <p>Uncal herniation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of stroke?

    <p>Facial drooping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a condition characterized by a shorter duration than a stroke, lasting between 5 minutes and 24 hours?

    <p>TIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is commonly used to determine whether a stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic?

    <p>CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for ischemic stroke?

    <p>tPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a special term used to describe the loss of consciousness?

    <p>Syncope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of subfalcine herniation?

    <p>Homonymous hemianopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is compressed in uncal herniation?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of death in tonsillar herniation?

    <p>Compression of the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic symptom of central downward transtentorial herniation?

    <p>Rostral to caudal brainstem dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for brain herniations?

    <p>Surgical removal of the lesion causing mass effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of ascending transtentorial herniation?

    <p>Rapid progression towards decreased consciousness and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for paralysis of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, resulting in the inability to shrug shoulders and rotate the head?

    <p>CN XI (spinal accessory nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for spasmodic vasoconstriction of arteries in the fingers and toes, usually in response to cold or emotional stress?

    <p>Raynaud's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for insufficient pumping of blood to the body, leading to overactive sympathetic activity, which becomes deleterious over time?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a neurogenic bladder?

    <p>Neurological diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a potentially dangerous condition that can occur in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above, triggered by various stimuli and resulting in a severe increase in blood pressure and excessive sympathetic response?

    <p>Autonomic dysreflexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a syndrome caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or vertebral artery, resulting in various neurological deficits, including loss of pain and temperature sensation, ataxia, loss of gag reflex, vertigo, and Horner's syndrome?

    <p>Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct pathway for the auditory system?

    <p>Cochlea, spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, MGN, and BA 41/42</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct pathway for the vestibular system?

    <p>Scarpa's ganglion, CN VIII, vestibular nuclei, medial longitudinal fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the cause of conduction deafness?

    <p>Damage to the external or middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over 55?

    <p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct pathway for the visual system?

    <p>Optic nerve, pretectum, EW nucleus, oculomotor nerve, ciliary ganglion, constrictor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the characteristic symptom of nystagmus?

    <p>A result of a lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum affecting the VOR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurological Disorders and Syndromes: Key Points

    • CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) bilateral lesion causes loss of taste in the posterior tongue, weakness of the stylopharyngeus muscle, and difficulty swallowing.
    • CN X (vagus nerve) bilateral lesions result in dysphagia, hoarse voice, altered cough reflex, and impaired regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular function.
    • Lesion of CN XI (spinal accessory nerve) leads to paralysis of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, resulting in the inability to shrug shoulders and rotate the head.
    • Lesion of CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) can cause deviation of the tongue to the side of the lesion, with different patterns depending on whether it is an upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron lesion.
    • Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by a drop in blood pressure upon assuming a vertical position, often caused by diabetes, syphilis, hypertension medication side effects, or CNS/PNS diseases. Treatment involves mineralocorticoids to increase blood volume.
    • Horner's syndrome is characterized by miosis (constriction of the pupil), anhidrosis (lack of sweating), and ptosis (eyelid droop), often resulting from a lesion in the hypothalamus, brainstem, upper cervical cord, or other causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause.
    • Raynaud's disease is characterized by spasmodic vasoconstriction of arteries in the fingers and toes, usually in response to cold or emotional stress. Treatment involves sympathetic blockers.
    • Congestive heart failure results in insufficient pumping of blood to the body, leading to overactive sympathetic activity, which becomes deleterious over time. Causes include cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia/infarction, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves ACE inhibitors, vasodilators, diuretics, and digitalis.
    • Neurogenic bladder can be caused by various conditions such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, tumors, and neurological diseases. It can manifest as either a spastic or flaccid bladder, with different symptoms and management approaches.
    • Autonomic dysreflexia is a potentially dangerous condition that can occur in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above. It is triggered by various stimuli and results in a severe increase in blood pressure and excessive sympathetic response. The first step in managing autonomic dysreflexia is to sit the patient up to control blood pressure.
    • Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome) is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or vertebral artery, resulting in various neurological deficits, including loss of pain and temperature sensation, ataxia, loss of gag reflex, vertigo, and Horner's syndrome.
    • Medial medullary syndrome (Weber syndrome) and paramedian midbrain syndrome (Benedict

    Neurological Disorders and Syndromes: Key Points

    • CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) bilateral lesion causes loss of taste in the posterior tongue, weakness of the stylopharyngeus muscle, and difficulty swallowing.
    • CN X (vagus nerve) bilateral lesions result in dysphagia, hoarse voice, altered cough reflex, and impaired regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular function.
    • Lesion of CN XI (spinal accessory nerve) leads to paralysis of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, resulting in the inability to shrug shoulders and rotate the head.
    • Lesion of CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) can cause deviation of the tongue to the side of the lesion, with different patterns depending on whether it is an upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron lesion.
    • Orthostatic hypotension is characterized by a drop in blood pressure upon assuming a vertical position, often caused by diabetes, syphilis, hypertension medication side effects, or CNS/PNS diseases. Treatment involves mineralocorticoids to increase blood volume.
    • Horner's syndrome is characterized by miosis (constriction of the pupil), anhidrosis (lack of sweating), and ptosis (eyelid droop), often resulting from a lesion in the hypothalamus, brainstem, upper cervical cord, or other causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause.
    • Raynaud's disease is characterized by spasmodic vasoconstriction of arteries in the fingers and toes, usually in response to cold or emotional stress. Treatment involves sympathetic blockers.
    • Congestive heart failure results in insufficient pumping of blood to the body, leading to overactive sympathetic activity, which becomes deleterious over time. Causes include cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia/infarction, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves ACE inhibitors, vasodilators, diuretics, and digitalis.
    • Neurogenic bladder can be caused by various conditions such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, tumors, and neurological diseases. It can manifest as either a spastic or flaccid bladder, with different symptoms and management approaches.
    • Autonomic dysreflexia is a potentially dangerous condition that can occur in spinal cord injuries at T6 or above. It is triggered by various stimuli and results in a severe increase in blood pressure and excessive sympathetic response. The first step in managing autonomic dysreflexia is to sit the patient up to control blood pressure.
    • Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome) is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or vertebral artery, resulting in various neurological deficits, including loss of pain and temperature sensation, ataxia, loss of gag reflex, vertigo, and Horner's syndrome.
    • Medial medullary syndrome (Weber syndrome) and paramedian midbrain syndrome (Benedict

    Summary of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology

    • Muscle reinnervation can occur through collateral sprouting and axon regeneration, resulting in motor control and sensory function.
    • Somatosensation varies depending on the stimulus threshold, with the face, fingers, toes, and lips having the lowest thresholds and the shoulder, calf, and thigh having the highest thresholds.
    • The auditory system pathway involves the cochlea, spiral ganglion, cochlear nerve, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, MGN, and BA 41/42.
    • Conduction deafness occurs due to damage to the external or middle ear, and sensorineural deafness is caused by damage to the auditory nerve.
    • The vestibular system pathway involves Scarpa's ganglion, CN VIII, vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, and the medial longitudinal fasciculus for the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).
    • Nystagmus is a result of a lesion in the brainstem or cerebellum, affecting the VOR, while vertigo is the sensation of rotation in the absence of actual movement.
    • Glaucoma is caused by inadequate drainage of aqueous humor, leading to high intraocular pressure and damage to retinal neurons.
    • Cataracts, which account for half of the world's blindness cases, are opacities in the lens that can be protected by sunglasses from UV exposure.
    • Accommodation of the lens varies depending on the distance of the object, with zonule fibers and ciliary muscles contracting or relaxing.
    • Myopia occurs when the cornea is too curved or the eyeball is too long, while hypermetropia is caused by an eyeball that is too short or a weak refraction system.
    • Presbyopia is the loss of lens elasticity with age, making near vision difficult, and macular degeneration is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over 55.
    • The visual pathway involves the optic nerve, pretectum, EW nucleus, oculomotor nerve, ciliary ganglion, and constrictor muscles, and visual field defects can occur due to lesions in various areas along the pathway.
    • Neuroplasticity involves retrograde and anterograde degeneration, which can be influenced by therapies like Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT), and specific principles such as use, repetition, intensity, time, salience, age, and transference.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of neurological disorders and syndromes with this quiz! From cranial nerve lesions to autonomic dysreflexia, this quiz covers key points and important concepts in the field. Challenge yourself and expand your understanding of these conditions and their management.

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