Neurological Conditions in Children

<p>Seizure disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intraventricular catheter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cryptogenic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered pituitary secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control seizures or reduce their frequency and severity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coup is bruising directly at the site of impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influenza and varicella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive and physical rest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Children aged 1 to 4 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infratentorial tumors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Submersion injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-pitched cry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain assessment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To analyze cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Response to verbal commands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulging fontanels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papilledema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cheyne-Stokes respirations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vagus nerve stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 to 60 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craniosynostosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeping the infant's head straight while sleeping (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education about potential triggers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlarged head circumference (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroblastoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbar puncture (LP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antimicrobial therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supportive management is the primary approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metastasis may occur before diagnosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevating the head of the bed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to severe neurological complications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes simplex virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hashimoto disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased dietary iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoma of the gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confusion and lethargy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroidectomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe anxiety and agitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed sexual development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine deficiency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correction of the underlying disease process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal surveys and growth patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improvement in growth more than 80% of the time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stunted height causing body proportions to appear disproportionate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic growth and development of secondary sex characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (GH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased thirst and urination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin A1c (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balanced meals with regular timing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe dehydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poorly managed blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of insulin leading to elevated glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Periodic hemoglobin A1c levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low physical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight in proportion to height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leuprolide acetate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acromegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myxedematous skin changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Idiopathic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in the size of the thyroid gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular monitoring of urinary outputs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore normal thyroid function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Before age 9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salt-wasting crisis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive circulating free cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering glucocorticoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires consultation with a multidisciplinary team (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To slow the rate of hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoma of the gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seizures and laryngospasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antithyroid medications or radioactive iodine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperextension of the neck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenaline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate for potential hypocalcemia and related complications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal swelling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salt-wasting crisis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body does not produce insulin at all (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate hormone replacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kussmaul's respirations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measurement of hemoglobulin A1c levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing carbohydrate intake with insulin therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infection or illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular blood glucose monitoring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased production of strong acids (ketones) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6.5% or higher (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2.4 m or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decelerated growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed sexual development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal therapy with leuprolide acetate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal surveys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stunted height appearing overweight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver function tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe dehydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete absence of pituitary hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement therapy with growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquired trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth after epiphyseal closure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring accurate measuring of fluid intake and output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring blood glucose levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributing symptoms to hunger only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital goitre (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaluating brain function, including observing reflexes, developmental level, family/health history, and physical examination.

Elevated pressure inside the skull, causing subtle to severe symptoms.

Initial subtle symptoms like irritability, poor feeding, and the Macewen sign.

More serious symptoms like bradycardia, changes in pupil size and reactivity, and altered consciousness.

A comprehensive assessment including vital signs, skin, eyes, motor function, posture, and reflexes.

Blood tests to evaluate for glucose, toxins, infections and other conditions related to ICP.

CT scans and MRIs to visualize brain structures for abnormalities or structural damage related to ICP.

Prioritizing airway, breathing, and circulation checks, lowering ICP, managing shock, and assessing LOC, pupils, and movements.

Maintaining a clear airway, as cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) can lead to irreversible damage.

A child with changes or loss of awareness. Needs comprehensive care plan focusing on airway, breathing, and circulation.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) causes blood vessels in the brain to widen (vasodilation), increasing blood flow to the brain. This can lead to higher pressure inside the skull (increased ICP).

Unconscious children have weakened gag and cough reflexes, making them more vulnerable to aspirating (inhaling) fluids or secretions into their lungs.

ICP monitoring is used for children who have a severe head injury, are at risk for increased ICP, or have signs of worsening brain function.

There are several types of ICP monitors, each placed in a different area of the skull to measure pressure. These include intraventricular catheters, subarachnoid bolts, epidural sensors, and anterior fontanel pressure monitors.

Unconscious children may have altered hormone production from the pituitary gland, leading to conditions like Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) or Diabetes Insipidus (DI).

A severe form of head injury caused by abuse, previously known as shaken baby syndrome or abusive head trauma.

THI-CM can lead to long-term neurological, visual, cognitive, behavioral, and sleep problems.

These are common signs of THI-CM, indicating bleeding in the brain and eyes.

A serious injury resulting from submersion in water, replacing the term 'near-drowning'.

Children aged 1 to 4 years are at high risk for submersion injury, and even a small amount of water can be dangerous.

A serious condition affecting the brain and liver, often following a viral illness, characterized by fever, impaired consciousness, and liver dysfunction.

The exact cause is unknown, but there's a strong link between using aspirin for fever during a viral infection in children.

A condition caused by excessive and irregular electrical activity in the brain, leading to temporary changes in behavior, sensations, or movements.

They can be classified based on their cause, ranging from acute injuries to genetic predispositions.

The goal is to control seizures or reduce their frequency and severity, often by identifying and addressing the underlying cause.

A type of childhood cancer that usually starts in the adrenal glands or nerve tissue in the abdomen (belly). It can also start in the chest, neck, or pelvis. It is considered the most common malignant extracranial solid tumor of childhood.

When a tumor isn't easily detected early on because it's spread (metastasized) silently before symptoms appear.

Infections that affect the brain and its coverings (meninges), making it hard to identify the cause just by looking at symptoms.

A serious infection that inflames the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, causing a lot of inflammation in the cerebral spinal fluid.

Treating bacterial meningitis involves isolating the patient to prevent spreading, giving them antibiotics, maintaining hydration, reducing pressure in the brain, controlling seizures, and managing complications.

An inflammatory process that affects the brain and spinal cord, leading to altered functions and can be caused by various organisms, most commonly viruses.

Treatment for encephalitis involves close observation in the hospital, supportive care, sometimes monitoring for pressure in the brain, and offering follow-up care with rehabilitation.

Providing care for a child with Encephalitis often means minimizing stimulation, monitoring pain, supporting the family, and following the treatment plan based on the child's symptoms.

A common seizure type in children aged 6-60 months, triggered by high fever. Usually benign and rarely lead to long-term consequences.

A condition where one or more of the skull's sutures close prematurely, affecting brain growth and leading to an abnormal head shape.

A flat head caused by prolonged pressure on the back of the head, often due to sleeping position. Usually resolves with positioning interventions.

A condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain's ventricles, causing pressure and potential brain damage.

A type of hydrocephalus where CSF flow is blocked in the subarachnoid space, leading to a buildup of fluid.

A type of hydrocephalus where CSF flow is blocked within the ventricles, causing a backup of fluid.

A surgical procedure to drain excess CSF from the brain's ventricles to the peritoneal cavity.

A rare but serious risk for people with epilepsy, where a seizure can trigger a cardiac arrhythmia leading to death.

A deficiency in the production of one or more pituitary hormones, leading to stunted growth, delayed sexual development, and other issues depending on the hormones affected.

Hypopituitarism can be caused by various factors, including genetic defects, tumors, infections, or injuries that damage the pituitary gland.

Symptoms of hypopituitarism vary depending on which hormones are deficient. Common symptoms include slow growth, delayed puberty, fatigue, and weight gain.

Treatment usually involves hormone replacement therapy, where the missing hormones are supplied externally. The goal is to restore normal function and growth.

Excessive production of one or more pituitary hormones, leading to various symptoms depending on the specific hormones involved.

Hyperpituitarism can be caused by pituitary tumors, genetic disorders, or certain medications. It can also occur as a result of stress or prolonged illness.

Symptoms of hyperpituitarism depend on which hormones are overproduced. They can include rapid growth, early puberty, headaches, vision problems, and other issues.

Treatment usually involves managing the underlying cause, such as removing a pituitary tumor or adjusting medications. Sometimes, hormone-blocking medications are used.

Excessive growth hormone (GH) production before the epiphyseal plates close, resulting in abnormally tall stature (over 2.4 meters).

Excessive GH production after the epiphyseal plates close, leading to enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features.

Onset of sexual development before age 8 in girls or 9 in boys.

Precocious puberty caused by premature activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

Precocious puberty caused by factors outside the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, like tumors or hormone production.

Condition caused by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive thirst and urination.

Condition where too much ADH is produced, leading to fluid retention and low sodium levels.

Underactive thyroid gland in children, causing slowed growth, dry skin, and mental delays.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, can occur with various thyroid disorders.

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, influencing growth, metabolism, and development.

A chronic condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, leading to various symptoms.

Symptoms include increased irritability, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Diagnosing Addison's Disease involves giving the patient cortisol and observing their response.

A condition caused by too much cortisol in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms.

Symptoms include weight gain, muscle weakness, high blood pressure, and skin changes.

A genetic condition where the adrenal glands can't produce enough cortisol, leading to excess androgen production.

CAH can cause ambiguous genitalia in females, salt-wasting crisis, and virilization of the female fetus.

CAH is treated with glucocorticoids to regulate hormone production.

Common signs before diagnosis include feeling unwell for several weeks, frequent urination, increased thirst, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger, and fatigue.

Lab tests include fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and random blood glucose. For adults, fasting > 7.0 mmol/L, HbA1c > 48 mmol/mol, or random > 11.1 mmol/L confirms diagnosis. Children have different thresholds.

Key topics include nutrition, medication management, blood sugar monitoring, understanding complications, exercise, and emotional support.

Prioritize balanced meals, portion control, healthy fats, lean protein, complex carbs, limiting sugary drinks, understanding calorie needs, and addressing individual preferences.

A life-threatening complication where the body breaks down fat for energy, producing ketones as byproducts. Excess ketones make the blood acidic, causing dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and coma.

Methods include regular blood glucose monitoring to gauge blood sugar levels after meals and before bed. HbA1c reflects long-term blood sugar control.

Diabetes can lead to microvascular (kidney, nerves, eyes) and macrovascular (heart, blood vessels) complications, causing damage to the body's small and large blood vessels.

The body's cells don't respond properly to insulin, causing blood sugar to build up.

A type of autoimmune thyroiditis (inflammation) that's the most common thyroid disorder in children. It can lead to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroidism (normal thyroid function).

Condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone, affecting growth, metabolism, and development. It occurs in Hashimoto's disease and can be caused by other factors too.

Condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. It often results in increased energy levels, weight loss, and rapid heartbeat.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

A life-threatening condition where hyperthyroidism symptoms worsen dramatically, leading to rapid heart rate, fever, and mental confusion.

A condition where the parathyroid glands don't produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH), affecting calcium levels and leading to problems with bones, muscles, and nerves.

A condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, leading to high calcium levels in the blood and affecting bone health. It can be caused by adenoma (tumor) or kidney problems.

A condition where the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough hormones, leading to growth problems, delayed puberty, and other issues.

Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

Hypopituitarism is when the pituitary gland produces too little hormones, while hyperpituitarism is when it produces too much.

A genetic condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and aldosterone, causing excess androgen production.

Pre-diabetes is a condition where blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body doesn't produce or use insulin properly, causing high blood sugar levels.

A serious complication of diabetes where the body breaks down fat for energy, producing ketones as byproducts. Excess ketones in the blood make it acidic, causing dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and coma.

Diabetes can lead to various complications, including eye damage (retinopathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), and heart disease (cardiovascular disease).

Common symptoms include increased irritability, headache, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Giving the patient cortisol and observing their response helps confirm the diagnosis.

CAH is treated with glucocorticoids to help regulate hormone production.

The body does not produce insulin, a hormone needed to regulate blood sugar.

The body does not produce enough insulin or cannot properly use the insulin it produces.

The most frequent cause of hyperthyroidism in children, an autoimmune disorder where the body mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing overproduction of thyroid hormone.

Caused by a benign tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, leading to increased production of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Happens due to chronic health conditions like kidney disease or renal osteodystrophy, where the body tries to compensate for low calcium levels.

Signs and symptoms that often appear before a type 2 diabetes diagnosis, indicating the body's difficulty regulating blood sugar.

Laboratory tests used to measure blood sugar levels and assess the body's ability to process glucose, leading to a confirmed diagnosis.

Strategies to create a balanced eating plan for individuals with diabetes, focusing on portion control and healthy food choices.

A life-threatening complication of diabetes where the body breaks down fat for energy, leading to a buildup of acidic ketones in the blood.

Potential health issues that can arise over time due to uncontrolled blood sugar levels.

A scenario where the body's cells don't respond effectively to insulin, leading to a buildup of blood sugar.