The Child with a Sensory or Neurological Condition

Components of the Nervous System

• The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Impact of Sensory or Neurological Disorders

• Children with sensory or neurological disorders often experience challenges with communication, social interaction, and daily living activities.

Role of the Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord transmits messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

Workplace Trip and Fall Risks

• Slippery floors, uneven surfaces, and cluttered walkways can increase the risk of trips and falls in the workplace.

Causes of Eye Strain

• Prolonged computer use, poor lighting, and incorrect monitor positioning can cause eye strain.

Evaluating Cognitive Learning Objectives

• Common methods for evaluating cognitive learning objectives include written tests, quizzes, and essays.

Instilling Ear Drops in Infants

• To instill ear drops in infants, gently pull the pinna down and back.

Otitis Externa

• Otitis externa is characterized by pain and tenderness in the external ear canal.

Eustachian Tube Function

• The eustachian tube helps equalize pressure in the middle ear.

Ear Infection Propensity in Infants

• The horizontal orientation of the eustachian tube in infants and toddlers contributes to their higher propensity for ear infections.

Ear Infection Signs in Infants

• Fever, irritability, and pulling at the ear are common signs of ear infections in infants.
• Absence of fever or no ear pain may not be typical signs of an ear infection.
• Ear discharge is a common symptom of an ear infection in infants.

Consequences of Chronic Ear Infections

• Chronic ear infections can lead to hearing loss.

Treatment of Ear Infections in Children

• Antibiotics are the first-line therapy for treating ear infections in children.

Newborns Hearing Screening

• Routine hearing screening should be performed on newborns before discharge from the hospital.

Diagnosis of Hearing Loss in Children

• Audiometry, tympanometry, and otoacoustic emissions testing are common methods to diagnosis hearing loss in children.
• Observational techniques are not typically used.

Preventing Barotrauma in Children

• Encourage children to swallow or yawn during take-off and landing to prevent barotrauma.

Hearing Aid Complications

• Parents should avoid exposing hearing aids to excessive heat and moisture.

Meningitis

• Haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common type of bacterial meningitis in children.

Meningitis Symptoms

• Lethargy is not a typical symptom of bacterial meningitis in children.
• Fever, stiff neck, headache, and vomiting are all typical symptoms of bacterial meningitis.

Meningitis Treatment Duration

• Antibiotics are typically administered for 10 to 14 days in cases of bacterial meningitis.

Febrile Seizures

• High fever is the most common precipitating factor for febrile seizures in children.

Meningitis Diagnosis

• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the main diagnostic method used to confirm bacterial meningitis.

Retinoblastoma Diagnosis

• Retinoblastoma is typically diagnosed around 2 years old.

Retinoblastoma Manifestation

• Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer that can cause a white reflex in the pupil.
• It is not usually associated with nearsightedness.

Retinoblastoma Treatment

• Enucleation is a surgical procedure that removes the affected eye if vision cannot be saved.

Altered Level of Consciousness (ALOC) in Children

• Head injury, infection, and poisoning are potential causes of ALOC in children.
• Meningitis is a potential cause of an altered level of consciousness.

Cranial Nerve for Vision

• The optic nerve (cranial nerve II) is responsible for vision.

Ammonia Accumulation

• Ammonia may accumulate in the blood due to hepatic encephalopathy, a condition caused by liver dysfunction.

Nursing Care After Enucleation

• Post-enucleation care includes pressure dressings and pain management.

Sepsis Manifestations in Children

• Fever, rapid breathing, and tachycardia are typical manifestations of sepsis in children.

Vagus Nerve Control

• The vagus nerve primarily controls heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

Reye's Syndrome Manifestation

• Encephalopathy, fatty liver, and elevated blood ammonia levels are characteristic manifestations of Reye's syndrome after a viral illness.

Pressure Equalization Tube Instructions

• Parents should be instructed that the pressure equalization tube (PE tube) can fall out, but it will not harm their child.

Preschool Visual Screening Age

• The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends preschool visual screening starting at age 3.

Amblyopia Treatment

• Wearing an eye patch over the stronger eye is a common treatment for amblyopia.

Strabismus Symptoms

• Squinting, tilting the head to see clearly, and covering one eye are signs of possible strabismus.

Eye Strain Symptoms in Children

• Headaches, blurred vision, and tired eyes are common symptoms of eye strain in children.

Conjunctivitis Intervention

• Good hygiene practices, such as hand washing, and antibiotic eye drops are common interventions for conjunctivitis.

Hyphema

• Hyphema is defined as a collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Ear Care After Myringotomy

• Placing cotton swabs into the ear canal is not recommended.

Constant Gaze Deviation

• Esotropia is a type of strabismus that involves a constant gaze deviation.

Depth Perception Development

• Depth perception begins to develop during infancy. Infants usually achieve good depth perception by the age of 6-7 months.