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Questions and Answers
Which condition is NOT considered a differential diagnosis for 'thunderclap headache'?
Which condition is NOT considered a differential diagnosis for 'thunderclap headache'?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 22-year-old man with a history of headache, using analgesics with temporary relief and no focal neurological signs?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 22-year-old man with a history of headache, using analgesics with temporary relief and no focal neurological signs?
A 35-year-old woman reports headaches lasting 30 minutes to an hour, occurring at the same time daily, and is associated with eye symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 35-year-old woman reports headaches lasting 30 minutes to an hour, occurring at the same time daily, and is associated with eye symptoms. What is the most likely diagnosis?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 45-year-old man with gradually worsening headaches, constant dull ache, neck stiffness, and photophobia?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 45-year-old man with gradually worsening headaches, constant dull ache, neck stiffness, and photophobia?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by localized pain to the right eye, with associated redness and tearing?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by localized pain to the right eye, with associated redness and tearing?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a 32-year-old patient with spastic paraparesis, impaired coordination in the left limbs, pelvic organ dysfunction, and pallor of the temporal halves of the optic discs?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a 32-year-old patient with spastic paraparesis, impaired coordination in the left limbs, pelvic organ dysfunction, and pallor of the temporal halves of the optic discs?
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In a 25-year-old female patient with unsteady walking and a history of retrobulbar neuritis, what is the most likely diagnosis considering the evidence of cerebellar lesions?
In a 25-year-old female patient with unsteady walking and a history of retrobulbar neuritis, what is the most likely diagnosis considering the evidence of cerebellar lesions?
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Which symptom is least likely to be associated with multiple sclerosis based on the provided cases?
Which symptom is least likely to be associated with multiple sclerosis based on the provided cases?
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Which of the following diagnoses would most likely require imaging to confirm based on the symptoms provided?
Which of the following diagnoses would most likely require imaging to confirm based on the symptoms provided?
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Which condition is primarily characterized by lesions in the pyramidal pathways in the context of the discussed cases?
Which condition is primarily characterized by lesions in the pyramidal pathways in the context of the discussed cases?
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What infectious disease is associated with lower flaccid paralysis that did not recover after 6 months?
What infectious disease is associated with lower flaccid paralysis that did not recover after 6 months?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with spasticity, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign, whose weakness does not improve with rest?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with spasticity, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign, whose weakness does not improve with rest?
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Which of the following conditions is not classified as a channelopathy?
Which of the following conditions is not classified as a channelopathy?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with tingling, numbness, weakness of extremities, and lack of bowel control?
What is the most likely diagnosis for a patient with tingling, numbness, weakness of extremities, and lack of bowel control?
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A 70-year-old woman has rigidity in her neck and arms and a shuffling gait without a tremor. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 70-year-old woman has rigidity in her neck and arms and a shuffling gait without a tremor. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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What is the most appropriate drug for treating an acute attack of migraine?
What is the most appropriate drug for treating an acute attack of migraine?
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Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by impairment primarily in which nervous system function?
Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by impairment primarily in which nervous system function?
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Which symptom is NOT characteristic of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy?
Which symptom is NOT characteristic of Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy?
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What diagnosis is most likely for a 36-year-old female with diplopia and ptosis following headache episodes?
What diagnosis is most likely for a 36-year-old female with diplopia and ptosis following headache episodes?
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A 29-year-old woman experiences headaches that last 4-72 hours, characterized as pulsating and unilateral. What condition does she likely have?
A 29-year-old woman experiences headaches that last 4-72 hours, characterized as pulsating and unilateral. What condition does she likely have?
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In a patient with diabetes mellitus who has deformed joints and absent Achilles reflexes, which condition could be inferred?
In a patient with diabetes mellitus who has deformed joints and absent Achilles reflexes, which condition could be inferred?
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Which of the following conditions is least likely associated with spasticity, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign?
Which of the following conditions is least likely associated with spasticity, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign?
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What might the absence of knee reflexes indicate in a patient with type II diabetes mellitus?
What might the absence of knee reflexes indicate in a patient with type II diabetes mellitus?
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What investigation should be performed for a patient who experienced a seizure lasting 2 minutes followed by an hour of sleep?
What investigation should be performed for a patient who experienced a seizure lasting 2 minutes followed by an hour of sleep?
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Which of the following statements about polio is false?
Which of the following statements about polio is false?
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In the case of headache disorders, what sets apart a diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus from other common migraine disorders?
In the case of headache disorders, what sets apart a diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus from other common migraine disorders?
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What common symptom is associated with recurrent migraines, particularly those lasting several hours?
What common symptom is associated with recurrent migraines, particularly those lasting several hours?
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Given a 64-year-old male with high-grade fever, double vision, dysphagia, and unsteady gait, what could be the suspected diagnosis?
Given a 64-year-old male with high-grade fever, double vision, dysphagia, and unsteady gait, what could be the suspected diagnosis?
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What condition is indicated by excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of uncontrollable sleep, particularly during meetings, along with vivid dreams and muscle weakness after laughter?
What condition is indicated by excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of uncontrollable sleep, particularly during meetings, along with vivid dreams and muscle weakness after laughter?
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For a 60-year-old diabetic patient found unconscious with a pulse rate of 120/min and BP of 160/100 mm Hg, which is the next step in management?
For a 60-year-old diabetic patient found unconscious with a pulse rate of 120/min and BP of 160/100 mm Hg, which is the next step in management?
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What is a common symptom experienced by patients with narcolepsy during emotional stress?
What is a common symptom experienced by patients with narcolepsy during emotional stress?
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What complaint does a 60-year-old woman with difficulty falling and staying asleep primarily exhibit?
What complaint does a 60-year-old woman with difficulty falling and staying asleep primarily exhibit?
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What distinguishing feature is often present in episodes of sleep for a person with narcolepsy?
What distinguishing feature is often present in episodes of sleep for a person with narcolepsy?
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In a case of a patient with a central nervous system disorder presenting with double vision and dysphagia, which diagnostic test would be least appropriate?
In a case of a patient with a central nervous system disorder presenting with double vision and dysphagia, which diagnostic test would be least appropriate?
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Which condition is characterized by the manifestation of 'pachymeningitis hemorrhagica interna'?
Which condition is characterized by the manifestation of 'pachymeningitis hemorrhagica interna'?
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What is the most appropriate treatment for a 12-year-old patient presenting with high fever, headache, vomiting, and positive Kernig's sign?
What is the most appropriate treatment for a 12-year-old patient presenting with high fever, headache, vomiting, and positive Kernig's sign?
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What type of investigation should be performed for a 20-year-old patient with headache, vomiting, and positive Kernig's symptom?
What type of investigation should be performed for a 20-year-old patient with headache, vomiting, and positive Kernig's symptom?
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Which nerve is predominantly affected in cases of uncal herniation?
Which nerve is predominantly affected in cases of uncal herniation?
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In a lesion of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which sense remains unaffected?
In a lesion of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which sense remains unaffected?
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In Brown Séquard syndrome, which function is not involved?
In Brown Séquard syndrome, which function is not involved?
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What is the likely diagnosis for a 59-year-old patient with spastic tetraparesis and marked muscle hypotrophy?
What is the likely diagnosis for a 59-year-old patient with spastic tetraparesis and marked muscle hypotrophy?
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What symptom might indicate the presence of spasticity in neurological conditions?
What symptom might indicate the presence of spasticity in neurological conditions?
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Which method of investigation is most effective in determining the form of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Which method of investigation is most effective in determining the form of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy?
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Which laser procedure would be appropriate for treating persistent appositional-angle closure in a patient with nanophthalmos?
Which laser procedure would be appropriate for treating persistent appositional-angle closure in a patient with nanophthalmos?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for accommodation in the eye?
Which structure is primarily responsible for accommodation in the eye?
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Which of the following cell types is not derived from neural crest cells?
Which of the following cell types is not derived from neural crest cells?
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When does eye morphogenesis begin during embryonic development?
When does eye morphogenesis begin during embryonic development?
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Which feature is not typically present at birth in the human eye?
Which feature is not typically present at birth in the human eye?
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Which mechanism mediates ascorbic acid transport in the cornea?
Which mechanism mediates ascorbic acid transport in the cornea?
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Which condition is most likely to require prophylactic treatment due to the risk of endophthalmitis or retinal detachment?
Which condition is most likely to require prophylactic treatment due to the risk of endophthalmitis or retinal detachment?
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Which treatment is most effective against common pathogens when treating maternal genital infections?
Which treatment is most effective against common pathogens when treating maternal genital infections?
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What finding in the discharge is most indicative of simple allergic conjunctivitis?
What finding in the discharge is most indicative of simple allergic conjunctivitis?
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Which operation is indicated for treating cicatricial entropion?
Which operation is indicated for treating cicatricial entropion?
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Which condition is least likely to cause ciliary staphyloma?
Which condition is least likely to cause ciliary staphyloma?
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Intermediate uveitis is also known as?
Intermediate uveitis is also known as?
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What is the most common symptom associated with sympathetic ophthalmitis?
What is the most common symptom associated with sympathetic ophthalmitis?
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Which anti-fungal medication can be administered intravitreally?
Which anti-fungal medication can be administered intravitreally?
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Which of the following conditions is not associated with uveal effusion syndrome?
Which of the following conditions is not associated with uveal effusion syndrome?
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In which age range is fixation of visual reflexes typically accomplished?
In which age range is fixation of visual reflexes typically accomplished?
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Which surgical outcome is not typically considered a complication?
Which surgical outcome is not typically considered a complication?
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Botulinum toxin injection is least suitable for which type of strabismus?
Botulinum toxin injection is least suitable for which type of strabismus?
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Which procedure is typically the treatment of choice for a 2-month-old child with symptoms of watering and eye discharge?
Which procedure is typically the treatment of choice for a 2-month-old child with symptoms of watering and eye discharge?
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A positive photostress test is typically seen in which condition?
A positive photostress test is typically seen in which condition?
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The indentation tonometer operates based on which principle?
The indentation tonometer operates based on which principle?
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Which examination is least useful for a patient with sudden and painless vision loss?
Which examination is least useful for a patient with sudden and painless vision loss?
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Which diagnostic test is least appropriate for evaluating a penetrating injury with an intraocular foreign body?
Which diagnostic test is least appropriate for evaluating a penetrating injury with an intraocular foreign body?
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Which pathology is characterized by lipogranulomatous inflammation?
Which pathology is characterized by lipogranulomatous inflammation?
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What is the most common type of ptosis?
What is the most common type of ptosis?
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Which condition is associated with decreased corneal sensation?
Which condition is associated with decreased corneal sensation?
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What is the expected diagnosis for a patient with conjunctival congestion and eyelids with yellow crusts in the morning?
What is the expected diagnosis for a patient with conjunctival congestion and eyelids with yellow crusts in the morning?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of error in applanation tonometry?
Which of the following is NOT a source of error in applanation tonometry?
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What drug is the treatment of choice in trachoma endemic areas?
What drug is the treatment of choice in trachoma endemic areas?
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Which management approach increases the effect of anti-allergic drops in a patient with allergic conjunctivitis?
Which management approach increases the effect of anti-allergic drops in a patient with allergic conjunctivitis?
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Which condition is associated with bitemporal hemianopia and intact visual acuity?
Which condition is associated with bitemporal hemianopia and intact visual acuity?
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Which type of uveitis is characterized by inflammation in all segments of the uvea?
Which type of uveitis is characterized by inflammation in all segments of the uvea?
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What complication after cataract surgery is most likely to result in uncontrolled hypertension?
What complication after cataract surgery is most likely to result in uncontrolled hypertension?
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Which diagnosis is most likely for a patient experiencing difficulty reading in bright sunlight?
Which diagnosis is most likely for a patient experiencing difficulty reading in bright sunlight?
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Aniseikonia is primarily caused by which of the following?
Aniseikonia is primarily caused by which of the following?
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In a patient suspected of having open-angle glaucoma, which finding is most crucial for diagnosis?
In a patient suspected of having open-angle glaucoma, which finding is most crucial for diagnosis?
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Which medication is least suitable for a hypertensive patient with glaucoma?
Which medication is least suitable for a hypertensive patient with glaucoma?
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Which type of cataract is associated with fluctuating refractive errors?
Which type of cataract is associated with fluctuating refractive errors?
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In a diabetic patient who has undergone pan-retinal photocoagulation, which medication is not appropriate for managing elevated intraocular pressure?
In a diabetic patient who has undergone pan-retinal photocoagulation, which medication is not appropriate for managing elevated intraocular pressure?
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What conjunctivitis is suspected in a patient with central necrosis of the cornea after a history of severe conjunctivitis?
What conjunctivitis is suspected in a patient with central necrosis of the cornea after a history of severe conjunctivitis?
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What is the position of the main focus in a hyperopic eye?
What is the position of the main focus in a hyperopic eye?
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Which structure of the eye contributes the greatest refractive power?
Which structure of the eye contributes the greatest refractive power?
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What causes presbyopia in individuals?
What causes presbyopia in individuals?
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Which of the following is an expected complication of congenital cataract surgery compared to senile cataract surgery?
Which of the following is an expected complication of congenital cataract surgery compared to senile cataract surgery?
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Why does a straw appear to be broken when placed in water?
Why does a straw appear to be broken when placed in water?
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What is the likely diagnosis for a 35-year-old man with normal distance vision but difficulty with near vision, showing +2.0D sphere in retinoscopy?
What is the likely diagnosis for a 35-year-old man with normal distance vision but difficulty with near vision, showing +2.0D sphere in retinoscopy?
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What is the primary purpose of mydriatic drops in a pediatric patient?
What is the primary purpose of mydriatic drops in a pediatric patient?
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Study Notes
Neurological Cases Study Notes
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Case 1: A 40-year-old male presented with transient dysphagia, episodic headaches, and increased sensitivity to light. He felt some weakness on his left side. Diagnosis unclear from provided information.
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Case 2: A 60-year-old woman presented with constant headaches, worsened in the morning and improved throughout the day. She had a history of intermittent visual disturbances and recent scalp tenderness. Her ESR was elevated. Likely diagnosis: Temporal arteritis.
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Case 3: A 24-year-old female (Ms. Deepa) with a history of recurrent migraines (diagnosed 12 months earlier) sought treatment options. Drugs for migraine prophylaxis include Amitriptyline, Propranolol, Sumatriptan, and Ergotamine.
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Case 4: A 28-year-old female presented with recurrent throbbing headaches, typically unilateral, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and photosensitivity. This points to migraine diagnosis.
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Case 5: A 35-year-old woman described unilateral throbbing headaches lasting 4-72 hours, often accompanied by visual disturbances (aura), nausea, and vomiting. A likely diagnosis of migraine.
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Case 6: A 40-year-old man presented with a severe, sudden headache around his neck and back of the head, associated with nausea and photophobia. Elevated blood pressure and stiff neck suggest subarachnoid hemorrhage as a likely diagnosis.
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Case 7: Pathology of the peripheral or central nervous system can lead to autonomic nervous system disorders.
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Case 8: All are examples of upper motor neuron lesions except Anterior Horn Cell Disease.
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Case 9: A 30-year-old male presented with rapid, involuntary muscle contractions, particularly in his neck and shoulders. This suggests dystonia as a likely diagnosis.
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Case 10: Pseudotumor cerebri is caused by vitamin toxicity.
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Case 11: Upper motor neuron lesions are characterized by weakness and spasticity.
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Case 12: A 45-year-old woman presented with difficulty initiating movement, rigidity, and tremor. Parkinson's disease is a likely possibility.
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Case 13: A 55-year-old male with involuntary, jerky movements (worse with stress), with a family history of similar symptoms, suggests a diagnosis of Huntington's Disease.
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Case 14: A 60-year-old woman with difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, and muscle weakness over a year, suggests amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Case 15: A 72-year-old woman presented with headache, nausea, and vomiting, associated with a red painful eye, suggests diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Case 16: A 61-year-old female with sudden, sharp stabbing facial pain (9/10), lasting 5-10 seconds, triggered by talking or cold wind, may have diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia.
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Case 17: A 40-year-old woman with a dull, bilateral headache that lasts for hours, is likely experiencing a tension-type headache.
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Case 18: A 60-year-old man with persistent headaches, located in the temples, along with jaw claudication, fatigue, and elevated ESR, suggests temporal arteritis.
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Case 19: A 33-year-old female with a thunderclap headache is likely to have acute aneurismal hemorrhage. The other possibilities are acute ischemia of the mid-brain, acute encephalitis, and Meningitis.
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Case 20: A 22-year-old man with frontal region headaches, occasionally with nausea, being treated with pain medication temporarily but no lasting relief, may indicate analgesic abuse.
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Case 21: A 35-year-old woman with headaches that last 30 minutes to an hour, occurring around the same time every day, associated with eye redness, tearing, and nasal congestion, suggests a possible cluster headache diagnosis.
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Case 22: A 45-year-old male with a gradually worsening, dull headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia likely has cervicogenic headaches.
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Case 23: Right-sided disc herniation at the LS-51 level often causes low back pain and sciatica. Weakness in the right foot with preserved right ankle reflex is common.
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Case 24: A 55-year-old male presenting with chronic neck pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion, with degenerative changes at C5-C6 and tingling in the fingers, suggests cervical spondylosis.
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... (Remaining cases): These cases cover a wide range of neurological conditions and symptoms. Information is extracted from these cases based on patient demographics, symptoms, medical history findings and diagnostic considerations. The summary of each case is specific to the provided information and may not be indicative of all possible diagnoses, depending on the particular circumstances of the case.
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Description
Explore various neurological case studies involving different age groups and symptoms, from migraines to temporal arteritis. This quiz will test your understanding of presented symptoms, potential diagnoses, and treatment options. Enhance your clinical reasoning skills with real patient scenarios.
