Neurological Cases Study Notes

<p>Temporal arteritis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cluster headache (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple sclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsteady walking due to cerebellar lesions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellar tumor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple sclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cystic fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s Disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sumatriptan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involvement in one limb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ophthalmoplegic Migraine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Migraine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic neuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nerve damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It primarily affects sensory nerves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of shuffling gait (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity to light and sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain stem lesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narcolepsy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Check blood glucose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early morning awakenings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to stay awake at any time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electromyography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subdural hematoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquor analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IIIrd cranial nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature sense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ipsilateral extensor response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathologic Babinski's sign (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluorescence angiography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laser gonioplasty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliary body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliary muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lens is biconcave in shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scleral perforation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Povidon-iodine 2.5% solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copious mucous discharge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weiss operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal detachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pars planitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilateral non-suppurative uveitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clotrimazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic glaucoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsatisfactory alignment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystagmus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syringing and probing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic neuritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More indentation in a soft eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schirmer's test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MRI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tuberculosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aponeurotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes simplex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute bacterial conjunctivitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astigmatism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azithromycin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>None of the stated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craniopharyngioma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panuveitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior subcapsular cataract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different size images in the fundus of both eyes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cupping of the disc (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipivefrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intumescent cataract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pilocarpine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperacute conjunctivitis of adult (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Behind the retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cornea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age-related decrease in accommodation due to the hardness of the crystalline lens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher incidence of posterior capsular opacification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presbyopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ophthalmoscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neurological disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath that covers nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to a wide range of symptoms including spasticity, impaired coordination, optic nerve involvement, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.

A type of stroke where a blood clot blocks the blood supply to part of the brain, leading to damage to the brain tissue.

A type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the surrounding brain tissue.

A disease characterized by inflammation of the brain, often caused by viruses, bacteria, or other infectious agents.

A tumor located in the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance, causing symptoms like unsteady gait and difficulty with movement.

A headache characterized by sudden onset, severe intensity, and a peak within 1 minute. It's often described as a "thunderclap" because of its rapid onset.

A chronic headache disorder characterized by frequent headaches that are often unilateral (affecting one side of the head), throbbing, and associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

A type of headache that is characterized by a severe, sharp, stabbing pain that is localized to one side of the face and usually affects the area around the eye, temple, cheek, forehead, and/or jaw.

A type of headache that is characterized by a dull, achy pain that is usually located on both sides of the head and is often accompanied by neck stiffness and photophobia (sensitivity to light).

A type of headache that is characterized by a severe, sudden onset of headache that is associated with stiff neck, fever, and other signs of meningitis.

A procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp.

A medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images of the brain.

A neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden attacks of sleep, and vivid dreams.

An imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and spinal cord.

A procedure involving the withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal canal for diagnostic testing.

A neurological disorder characterized by episodes of involuntary muscle contractions, particularly in the legs, especially at night.

A condition characterized by inflammation of the brain, often caused by bacterial or viral infections. The patient's symptoms likely include fever, headache, confusion, and neurological deficits.

A medical emergency that requires immediate attention and prompt evaluation of the patient's condition.

A neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and muscle atrophy, often affecting the hands and limbs. It can also include fasciculations (muscle twitches) and hyperreflexia (exaggerated reflexes).

A neurological condition characterized by impaired coordination and balance, often involving the cerebellum. It can manifest as gait abnormalities, tremors, and difficulty with fine motor skills.

A common neurological condition characterized by recurrent, severe headaches that often involve pulsating pain, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines can have aura (visual disturbances) and typically last for several hours.

A type of migraine headache that is characterized by transient neurological symptoms such as visual disturbances, numbness, or weakness, which occur before or during the headache. It is often accompanied by a headache.

A debilitating neurological disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. This leads to tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. It primarily affects motor function.

A rare neurological disorder that involves inflammation of the optic nerve. It often presents with pain around the eye, blurred vision, and sometimes double vision. It can occur with or without migraine headaches.

A rare neurological condition characterized by weakness, numbness, and pain in the limbs, usually caused by an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerves. It can occur after an infection or vaccination.

A rare condition that can lead to bleeding under the dura mater causing a hematoma. It can potentially occur following head trauma, infection, or certain medications. Symptoms can include headaches, confusion, and seizures. It's important to note that this is a serious condition that needs prompt medical attention.

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are the preferred treatment option for bacterial meningitis, which can be a life-threatening condition. The patient's symptoms indicate a bacterial infection, so antibiotics are crucial to fight the infection.

An MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a vital diagnostic tool for suspected meningitis. It provides detailed images of the brain and spinal cord, allowing healthcare professionals to visualize any inflammation, swelling, or other abnormalities related to meningitis.

The oculomotor nerve (IIIrd cranial nerve) is most commonly affected by an uncal herniation. This type of herniation occurs when brain tissue presses on the oculomotor nerve, leading to symptoms like dilated pupils, eye drooping, and impaired eye movements.

The posterior column of the spinal cord is responsible for carrying sensory information about vibration, position (proprioception), and touch. The sense of temperature is carried by the spinothalamic tract.

Brown Séquard syndrome is a rare neurological condition caused by damage to one side of the spinal cord. The contralateral (opposite side) posterior column is affected, while the ipsilateral (same side) pyramidal tract (responsible for motor control) is also damaged.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, along with spasticity (increased muscle tone). It affects both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to a combination of weakness and stiffness.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. It causes inflammation and damage to myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibers. Symptoms can vary widely and include weakness, numbness, fatigue, vision problems, and cognitive impairment.

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by lower flaccid paralysis, often due to an infection with the poliovirus.

A genetic disorder caused by dysfunctional ion channels, leading to various symptoms depending on the specific channel affected.

Loss of control over bladder and bowels, along with tingling, numbness, and weakness in extremities, suggesting a neurological condition affecting the spinal cord or peripheral nerves.

A condition where the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing inflammation and damage. This leads to weakness and paralysis, which can affect different parts of the body.

Guillain-Barré syndrome mainly affects the motor functions of the nervous system, leading to weakness and paralysis. It can also affect sensory functions, but motor function is the primary one.

A type of peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage) seen in individuals with long-term diabetes. It is characterized by damage to the nerves of the feet, causing symptoms like pain, numbness, tingling, and loss of sensation.

This condition is not a direct result of diabetes. It is a distinct neurological disorder that affects the nerves in the body.

The symptoms of diabetic neuropathy are very similar to Guillain-Barré syndrome, making differential diagnosis important. Both conditions result in weakness, pain, and numbness, but the underlying cause is different.

A condition where the eye's clear outer layer (cornea) becomes thinner and weakened, leading to a bulge or protrusion. This weakens the cornea.

A type of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva) caused by an allergic reaction. Symptoms include itching, burning, watery discharge, and eye redness.

A condition where the tear duct becomes blocked, causing excessive tearing and discharge. This can be caused by a blockage at the lacrimal sac opening.

A type of uveitis (inflammation of the middle layer of the eye) that affects the middle portion of the eye, specifically the pars plana. Intermediate uveitis is also known as pars planitis.

A rare and serious immune-mediated condition that affects both eyes. It occurs after an eye injury or surgery and leads to inflammation in the uninjured eye.

A rare condition characterized by fluid buildup in the eye's middle layer (uveal tract), leading to increased pressure. This can be associated with various factors like myopia, detachment of the choroid, and scleral defects.

A fungal infection that can affect various parts of the eye, including the retina. It is often treated with anti-fungal medications like Voriconazole and Fluconazole.

A type of inflammatory eye condition characterized by redness, pain, and decreased vision. It is commonly associated with autoimmune disorders like spondyloarthritis and often presents with yellow-white lesions in the back of the eye.

A diagnostic method that uses fluorescent dye to highlight blood vessels in the retina, particularly helpful in identifying diabetic retinopathy.

A medical procedure that uses a laser to create a small hole in the iris, aimed at relieving pressure buildup in the eye by allowing fluid to flow.

A surgical procedure that uses a laser to alter the trabecular meshwork, a structure in the eye that helps regulate fluid drainage, to improve fluid flow and reduce pressure.

A part of the eye responsible for the ability to focus on objects at varying distances, achieved by changing the shape of the lens.

The neural crest is a group of cells that develop into various tissues in the body. Melanocytes, which produce pigment, are an example.

The process of eye development begins approximately 22 days after conception.

Myelination of nerve fibers in the eye is not fully complete at birth, and extends out to the lamina cribrosa, the area where the optic nerve fibers leave the eye.

The ability to fixate on a visual target develops gradually over the first year of life.

A condition where the main focus of light falls behind the retina, leading to blurry vision at near distances and clear vision at a distance.

A condition where the main focus of light falls in front of the retina, leading to blurry vision at a distance and clear vision at near distances.

A condition characterized by a gradual loss of accommodation due to the hardening of the crystalline lens, leading to difficulty focusing on near objects.

A condition where the refractive power of the eye differs between the two eyes, resulting in an uneven size perception of objects.

A condition involving inflammation of the optic nerve, often causing pain, blurred vision, and sometimes double vision.

A condition characterized by a tumor at the base of the brain (sellar region), often causing hormonal imbalances and visual field defects.

A type of eye exam used to determine the refractive power of the eye, requiring the use of mydriatic drops to dilate the pupils.

A medical procedure involving the use of an ophthalmoscope to examine the interior of the eye, typically requiring mydriatic drops to dilate the pupils.

The most common type of ptosis, which is the drooping of the upper eyelid, caused by weakening or stretching of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

A condition characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Symptoms include redness, itching, discharge, and sometimes blurry vision.

A type of conjunctivitis that is caused by an allergic reaction. It is characterized by intense itching, watery discharge, and eye redness.

This is a type of ptosis that is caused by problems with the nerves that control the eyelid muscles, such as nerve damage.

This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid) caused by bacterial infection, leading to symptoms like redness, discharge, and sometimes blurry vision.

An eye condition caused by inflammation of the tear sac (lacrimal sac) situated at the inner corner of the eye. It is often accompanied by symptoms like redness, swelling, and excessive tearing.

The drug of choice in areas with high incidence of Trachoma, a bacterial infection causing scarring of the conjunctiva and eyelids.

This is a type of conjunctivitis caused by a virus, usually characterized by a watery discharge, mild redness, and a feeling of grittiness.