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Questions and Answers
What is a primary use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in mental health?
What is a primary use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in mental health?
Which neuroimaging method is considered the safest?
Which neuroimaging method is considered the safest?
What does Magnetoencephalography (MEG) primarily measure?
What does Magnetoencephalography (MEG) primarily measure?
What is a key limitation of fMRI regarding the temporal resolution?
What is a key limitation of fMRI regarding the temporal resolution?
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What advantage does Structural MRI have over functional imaging techniques?
What advantage does Structural MRI have over functional imaging techniques?
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What is the primary application of Event Related Potentials (ERPs)?
What is the primary application of Event Related Potentials (ERPs)?
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Which imaging technique is known for having the best temporal resolution?
Which imaging technique is known for having the best temporal resolution?
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What is a disadvantage of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?
What is a disadvantage of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?
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What does Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) specifically focus on?
What does Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) specifically focus on?
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Which neuroimaging technique is considered invasive?
Which neuroimaging technique is considered invasive?
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What is the main strength of fMRI compared to other techniques?
What is the main strength of fMRI compared to other techniques?
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What physiological principle underlies fMRI measurements?
What physiological principle underlies fMRI measurements?
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In what context is SPECT primarily used?
In what context is SPECT primarily used?
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What type of data can Electroencephalography (EEG) mostly provide?
What type of data can Electroencephalography (EEG) mostly provide?
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What significant finding is associated with PET studies in patients with Schizophrenia compared to controls?
What significant finding is associated with PET studies in patients with Schizophrenia compared to controls?
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Which clinical application of EEG is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy?
Which clinical application of EEG is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy?
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What characteristic of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) makes it relevant in understanding schizophrenia?
What characteristic of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) makes it relevant in understanding schizophrenia?
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In what time frame does the P50 Gating ERP occur after an auditory stimulus?
In what time frame does the P50 Gating ERP occur after an auditory stimulus?
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What unique capability does magnetoencephalography (MEG) have compared to EEG?
What unique capability does magnetoencephalography (MEG) have compared to EEG?
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Which of the following is a strength of MRI?
Which of the following is a strength of MRI?
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What is a major limitation of MRI?
What is a major limitation of MRI?
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What technology is used to detect magnetic fields in MEG?
What technology is used to detect magnetic fields in MEG?
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What neurological condition is specifically associated with deficits in the P50 gating paradigm?
What neurological condition is specifically associated with deficits in the P50 gating paradigm?
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What aspect of DTI is particularly relevant to understanding white matter integrity?
What aspect of DTI is particularly relevant to understanding white matter integrity?
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Which of the following best describes a primary use of MRS in brain studies?
Which of the following best describes a primary use of MRS in brain studies?
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Where is Broca's Area located and what is its function?
Where is Broca's Area located and what is its function?
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What type of fMRI technique evaluates the brain during specific tasks?
What type of fMRI technique evaluates the brain during specific tasks?
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What phenomenon does abnormal hippocampal replay in schizophrenia potentially explain?
What phenomenon does abnormal hippocampal replay in schizophrenia potentially explain?
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Study Notes
Neuroimaging in Mental Health
- Brain pathology cannot be directly studied during life; brain biopsy is not routinely performed.
- Imaging can be used as a surrogate/biomarker of brain function.
Neuroimaging Methods
Structural
- Computed Tomography (CT)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
- Functional MRI (fMRI)
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
Structural MRI Applications
- Screening for reversible causes of altered mental state (e.g., meningioma, subdural hematoma, normal pressure hydrocephalus)
- Screening for severe/irreversible pathology (e.g., deep tumors, infarcts, white matter hyperintensity)
- Supporting diagnosis (e.g., atrophy, organic pathology in psychosis)
- Research tool (extensively used)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Scans
- MRI imaging method
- Measures white-matter connectivity within the brain (DTI)
BOLD Blood Oxygen Level Dependent effect in fMRI
- fMRI relies on the BOLD effect as a proxy for brain activity
- Blood releases oxygen to active neurons at a greater rate than to inactive neurons.
- This difference in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood's magnetic properties is measured.
SPECT Applications
- Clinically used in neurology for epilepsy, stroke, brain tumors, and traumatic brain injury.
Comparison of Different Techniques (EEG, fMRI, SPECT, PET)
- EEG: Safest, least invasive, records natural electrical signals; superb temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution, low cost, research and clinical use.
- fMRI: Invasive, uses magnets, noisy, enclosed space; poor temporal resolution, high spatial resolution, medium cost, research and clinical use.
- SPECT: Invasive, uses radioactive tracer; good temporal resolution, good spatial resolution, medium cost, research and clinical use.
- PET: Invasive, uses radioactive tracer; good temporal resolution, high spatial resolution, high cost, research and dementia.
Neuroimaging Methods Overview
- MRI: Structural (structure) and functional (activity)
- PET & SPECT: Functional (activity)
- EEG & MEG: Functional (activity)
PET scan
- Uses radioactive ligands to bind to molecular targets (neurotransmitter receptors).
- A radiotracer is injected into the body.
- Coincidence detection of gamma rays emitted in opposite directions shows ligand binding.
Evidence for Dopamine Hypothesis
- PET imaging used to study dopamine uptake in the striatum.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Records electrical activity on the scalp from firing neurons.
- Useful for studying event-related potentials (ERPs) like the P300 wave for decision-making.
Mismatch Negativity (MMN)
- An ERP component, occurring in response to unexpected stimuli (e.g., an oddball beep in a sequence of beeps)
- Occurs whether or not one is paying attention.
P50 Gating
- ERP occurring approximately 50ms after an auditory stimulus.
- Measured using a paired click test (two clicks played with a time delay)
P300
- ERP associated with decision-making in an oddball task.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
- Measures small magnetic fields produced by electrical currents within the brain
- Uses super conducting devices (SQUIDs)
- Useful for measuring deeper subcortical structures.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves.
- Measures water distribution in the body, high spatial resolution, non-ionizing radiation.
- Low temporal resolution, some people cannot tolerate the loud enclosed environment.
Neurochemical MRS
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Measures brain neurochemicals (e.g., glutamate, GABA) when concentrations are high
Language Functions:
- Broca's area: involved in expressive language, inferior frontal gyrus.
- Wernicke's area: involved in language reception/comprehension, posterior part of superior temporal gyrus.
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Description
Explore the various neuroimaging methods used in mental health diagnosis and research. This quiz covers both structural and functional imaging techniques, their applications, and their importance in understanding brain pathology. Test your knowledge on tools like MRI, PET, and EEG.
