Brain Imaging Techniques

Computed tomography, also known as a ______ scan, was the 1st modern medical imaging technique.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures the radio-frequency waves emitted by the nuclei of ______ atoms.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting the increase in ______ levels in active neural structures.

Positron emission tomography (PET) involves injecting a ______ substance into the bloodstream.

Ethics in ______ developed over the years.

The Golgi stain outlines the whole cell, including ______ spines.

Myelin stains are taken up by the fatty myelin that wraps and insulates ______.

Nissl stain outlines all cell bodies because dye is attracted to ______ in the nucleus.

Autoradiography reveals which neurons are ______.

Immunocytochemistry uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify cellular components including ______, neurotransmitters, enzymes.

Electroencephalography (EEG) was invented by German psychiatrist ______.

EEG is recorded from two ______ on the scalp over the area of interest.

EEG is used to diagnose disorders such as epilepsy or brain ______.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a relatively new ______ brain stimulation technique.

In the Czech Republic, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is used for resistant ______.

Brain Imaging Techniques

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT scan) produces 3D images of organs by combining a series of 2D X-ray cross sections taken from different angles.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) measures radio-frequency waves emitted by hydrogen atoms in a strong magnetic field.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) detects brain activity by measuring oxygen level increases in active neural structures.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) involves injecting radioactive substances into the bloodstream, which are taken up by active brain parts.

Research Ethics

Ethics in research have developed over the years.

Electroencephalography (EEG)

EEG was invented by German psychiatrist Hans Berger.
EEG records electrical activity from two scalp electrodes, detecting combined neuron activity between them.
EEG is used for research and diagnosing disorders like epilepsy or brain tumors.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique using a magnetic coil to induce voltage in brain tissue.
It is used to treat resistant depression in the Czech Republic.

Research Techniques

The Golgi Stain

The Golgi stain outlines whole cells, including dendritic spines, and is used to characterize cell types.
It only stains a small number of neurons.

Myelin Stains

Myelin stains are taken up by fatty myelin that wraps and insulates axons, identifying neural pathways.

Nissl Stain

Nissl stain outlines all cell bodies due to RNA in the nucleus attraction, allowing cell body size and density measurement.

Autoradiography

Autoradiography makes active neurons visible, allowing correlation with behavior.

Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry uses antibody-attached dyes to identify cellular components, including receptors, neurotransmitters, and enzymes.

The Transmission Electron Microscope

The transmission electron microscope passes an electron beam through a thin tissue slice, producing an image by varying electron blocking degrees.

This quiz covers various brain imaging techniques including CT scans, MRI, fMRI, and PET scans. Learn about how they work and their applications in medicine.