Neuroglial Cells Flashcards

Study Notes

Neuroglial cells support, nourish, and facilitate communication between neurons.

Astrocytes: Star-shaped cells forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by linking neurons and blood vessels in a two-layered structure.
Oligodendrites: Responsible for myelin sheath formation around axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and aiding in holding nerve fibers together.
Microglia: Phagocytic cells that migrate within the CNS, playing a critical role in removing foreign matter and degenerated tissue.
Ependymal Cells: Epithelial cells lining the brain and spinal cord involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and circulation.
Schwann Cells: Produce myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Neurolemma: The outer membrane of Schwann cells crucial for the regeneration of cut or injured nerves.
Satellite Cells: Provide support to neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of nerves outside the CNS, including 31 spinal nerves and 12 cranial nerves.

Afferent Division: Nerve fibers that transmit information to the CNS.
Efferent Division: Nerve fibers that convey impulses away from the CNS.
Integration: The process of interpreting sensory input and determining necessary actions.
Sensory Input: The collection of information monitoring changes in the internal and external environment.
Motor Output: The response generated to integrated stimuli, activating muscles or glands.

Somatic Nervous System: Involuntary control over skeletal muscles, associated with voluntary actions.
Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions, such as those in cardiac muscles.