Annexe: Neuroepithelial Cells and Basal Progenitors

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the layer where basal progenitors form?

  • The basal zone
  • The subventricular zone (correct)
  • The ventricular zone
  • The apical zone

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of basal progenitors?

  • They express CUX1 and CUX2
  • They express SVET1
  • They express TBR2
  • They exhibit interkinetic nuclear migration spanning the entire apical-basal axis (correct)
  • They are located in the telencephalon

What is the location of the nucleus in neuroepithelial cells during the S phase?

  • Nucleus does not migrate
  • Apical surface
  • Basal side (correct)
  • Midway between the apical and basal sides
  • Migrating from apical to basal

What is the primary function of the apical plasma membrane in neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Cell-cell adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the telencephalon in the context of basal progenitors?

<p>Basal progenitors are most abundant in the telencephalon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the non-coding RNA SVET1 in basal progenitors?

<p>It regulates the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are TBR2, CUX1, and CUX2?

<p>Transcription factors (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is NOT a characteristic of basal progenitors?

<p>They are characterized by interkinetic nuclear migration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in the interkinetic nuclear migration pattern between neuroepithelial and radial glial cells?

<p>Neuroepithelial cells migrate apically to basally, while radial glial cells migrate apically to basally to the boundary of the ventricular or subventricular zone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a property of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Present astroglial markers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Tis21 gene in neuroepithelial cells?

<p>It is a marker for neuroepithelial cells about to undergo neurogenic division. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the table, when are tight junctions present in neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Only during the first phase of neurogenesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of Tis21 expression suggest about a neuroepithelial cell?

<p>The cell is involved in neurogenic division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell is responsible for neurogenesis in the later stages of development?

<p>Radial glial cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adherens junctions in both neuroepithelial and radial glial cells?

<p>To provide structural support to the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about neuroepithelial and radial glial cells is TRUE?

<p>Radial glial cells have a more advanced role in neurogenesis compared to neuroepithelial cells, occurring in later phases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the inheritance of apical plasma membrane and junctional complexes by daughter cells?

<p>The orientation of the vertical cleavage plane during cell division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total plasma membrane is typically found in the apical region of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>1-2% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of cell division results from a cleavage plane that bypasses the apical plasma membrane?

<p>Asymmetric division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of identifying a molecular marker that is expressed specifically in neuroepithelial cells undergoing neurogenic division?

<p>It allows researchers to distinguish between proliferative and neurogenic cell divisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions of the rodent CNS is mentioned as containing neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Telencephalon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the junctional complexes found at the apical end of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between proliferative and neurogenic divisions of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Proliferative divisions produce identical daughter cells, while neurogenic divisions produce daughter cells with different fates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the fact that proliferative and neurogenic divisions of neuroepithelial cells coexist in the same region of the ventricular zone?

<p>It indicates that the ventricular zone is a dynamic region with ongoing cell proliferation and differentiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed role of cholesterol in the proliferation of neuroepithelial and radial glial cells?

<p>Cholesterol plays a crucial role in apical plasma membrane organization, impacting cell proliferation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might contribute to the formation of basal progenitors, according to the text?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the nucleus in basal progenitors during the S phase?

<p>Both A and B. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of basal progenitors distinguishes them from neuroepithelial and radial glial cells during G2 phase?

<p>Absence of apical directed nuclear migration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed link between adherens junctions and cell division in neuroepithelial and radial glial cells?

<p>The distribution of adherens junctions might influence the type of cell division, either proliferative or neurogenic. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is mentioned as being associated with adherens junctions in the context of neuroepithelial and radial glial cells?

<p>PAR3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the apical plasma membrane in neuroepithelial and radial glial cells, as highlighted in the text?

<p>It's rich in cholesterol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between proliferative and neurogenic cell division, as implied by the text?

<p>Proliferative divisions are characterized by equal distribution of apical plasma membrane and adherens junctions, while neurogenic divisions are characterized by unequal distribution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Anthony et al. (2004) suggest about the role of radial glia in neurogenesis?

<p>Radial glia are responsible for generating all neurons in the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of basal/subventricular zone progenitors?

<p>They divide symmetrically, generating two neurons each. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research findings conflicts with the idea that radial glia are neuronal progenitors in all regions of the CNS?

<p>The work of Seri et al. (2001), showing astrocytes generating new neurons in the hippocampus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique was used to describe the symmetrical division of basal/subventricular zone progenitors?

<p>Time-lapse imaging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is the primary location of neural stem cells?

<p>The dentate gyrus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research on the pial basement membrane suggest about its role in cortical histogenesis?

<p>It plays a crucial role in the development of cortical structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea conveyed by the research on neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Neuroepithelial cells are capable of generating all types of CNS cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the findings made by researchers such as Anthony et al. (2004) and Seri et al. (2001)?

<p>They challenged existing assumptions about the role of radial glia and astrocytes in neurogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the orientation of the cleavage plane and the type of cell division in neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Vertical cleavages can give rise to asymmetric, neurogenic divisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the 'symmetric, proliferative division' and the 'asymmetric, neurogenic division' of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>The 'symmetric, proliferative division' results in two identical daughter cells, while the 'asymmetric, neurogenic division' results in one neuron and one non-neuronal cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the adherens junction in the asymmetric, neurogenic division of neuroepithelial cells?

<p>The adherens junction helps to maintain the apical-basal polarity of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the orientation of the cleavage plane affect the fate of the daughter cells in neuroepithelial cells?

<p>Cleavage plane orientation determines which of the daughter cells inherits the apical domain of the mother cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the finding that vertical cleavages can lead to asymmetric, neurogenic divisions?

<p>It suggests that the determination of cell fate in the neuroepithelium is more complex than previously thought. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information presented, what is the primary function of radial glial cells in the neuroepithelium?

<p>To regulate the migration of newly generated neurons from the ventricular zone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the appearance of astroglial features and cell fate restriction?

<p>The appearance of astroglial features is a sign that a cell has undergone cell fate restriction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the difference in frequency between horizontal and vertical cleavages?

<p>The difference in frequency highlights the diversity of mechanisms involved in neurogenesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Basal Progenitors

Cells that form the subventricular zone during neurogenesis and express specific genes.

Apical-Basal Polarity

The spatial organization where cells have distinct apical and basal surfaces.

Subventricular Zone

A layer of dividing cells below the ventricular zone in the mammalian brain.

Interkinetic Nuclear Migration

The movement of the nucleus within the cell during different cell cycle phases.

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Neuroepithelial Cells

Cells that undergo interkinetic nuclear migration across the apical-basal axis.

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Transcription Factors TBR2, CUX1, CUX2

Specific proteins that regulate gene expression in basal progenitors.

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Mitotic Cell Layer

A cell layer where mitosis occurs, crucial for cell division.

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Basolateral Plasma Membrane

The side of the cell facing the surrounding tissues, distinct from the apical membrane.

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Radial glial cells

Cells that act as scaffolding for migrating neurons and express astroglial markers.

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Tight junctions

Connections between cells that prevent leakage and are present in neuroepithelial cells at early stages.

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Adherens junctions

Cell junctions that help maintain tissue structure, found in both cell types.

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Basal lamina contact

The attachment of cells to a basement membrane, essential for stabilization.

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Nestin expression

Presence of a protein marker indicating neural progenitor cells in both types.

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Tis21 expression

An antiproliferative gene marker expressed in neurogenic subpopulations.

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Vertical Cleavage Planes

Planes of division in neuroepithelial and radial glial cells that can bisect or bypass the apical plasma membrane.

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Symmetric Division

A type of cell division where both daughter cells inherit identical properties.

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Asymmetric Division

A type of cell division where daughter cells acquire different properties and fates.

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Proliferative Division

A division that expands the progenitor cell pool.

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Neurogenic Division

A division that produces neurons from progenitor cells.

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Ventricular Zone

Region in the developing rodent CNS where neuroepithelial cells reside and divide.

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Molecular Marker

A specific protein or molecule that indicates a certain cell type or functional state.

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Apical Plasma Membrane

The membrane located at the most apical end of neuroepithelial cells.

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Nuclear Migration in G2 Phase

The movement of the nucleus towards the apical side before mitosis occurs.

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Vertical Cleavage

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with different fates depending on asymmetrical distribution of proteins.

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Cholesterol-Dependent Organization

The arrangement of cell membranes and proteins influenced by cholesterol levels.

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Basally Directed Migration

The movement of cells in a downward direction, typically following nuclear migration in division processes.

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PAR3 Protein

A protein involved in establishing cell polarity and influencing where cell division occurs.

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Horizontal cleavage

A type of cell division where cells split from side to side, leading to asymmetrical divisions.

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Fate restriction

The process where cells are limited in their development pathway after division.

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Neurogenesis

The process of generating new neurons in the brain, especially in the dentate gyrus.

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Dentate Gyrus

A major site of neurogenesis in the mammalian brain, part of the hippocampus.

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Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells that can give rise to new neurons in the adult brain.

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Basal/Subventricular Zone

A region where progenitor cells divide to generate neurons and glial cells.

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CNS Precursor Subtypes

Different types of precursor cells that give rise to neurons and glial cells in the CNS.

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Intrinsic Programs

The internal mechanisms that guide cell lineage and differentiation in the CNS.

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Cell Lineages

A series of cells derived from a common progenitor cell through division.

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Study Notes

Mammalian Neurogenesis

  • Neural stem cells and progenitor cells generate neurons through asymmetric and symmetric divisions.
  • Proliferation and differentiation of these cells are linked to their epithelial characteristics, including apical-basal polarity and cell cycle length.
  • This transition from neuroepithelial to radial glial cells affects cell fate and neurogenesis during development.

Developmental Cell Biology

  • Neural stem cells generate all neurons in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS).
  • They are also the source of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
  • Stem cells are typically self-renewing and multipotent (capable of generating various cell types).
  • Neural stem cells can divide symmetrically (both daughter cells have the same fate) or asymmetrically (one daughter cell is identical to the parent, the other is different).
  • Neuroepithelial cells, which can be considered stem cells, initially undergo symmetric, proliferative divisions, producing two daughter stem cells.
  • This is followed by asymmetric divisions producing a daughter stem cell and a differentiated cell (neuron or non-stem cell progenitor).

Radial Glial Cells

  • Neuroepithelial cells transform into a multilayered tissue during neuron generation.
  • The ventricular zone contains most progenitor cells.
  • Radial glial cells exhibit both neuroepithelial and astroglial properties.
  • These are more fate-restricted than neuroepithelial cells.
  • Radial glial cells primarily produce neurons, and sometimes astrocytes or oligodendrocytes.
  • Radial glial cells retain some neuroepithelial markers (e.g., nestin) and apical-basal polarity features (e.g., centrosome localization).
  • Astroglial markers (e.g., GFAP) appear during neurogenesis.
  • This transition occurs between embryonic days 10 and 12 in mice.

Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells

  • Neuroepithelial cells form a single layer (neuroepithelium) before neurogenesis, this transforms into a layered structure.
  • Nuclei migrate along the apical-basal axis (interkinetic nuclear migration).
  • Characteristic epithelial features (tight junctions, adherens junctions, and basal lamina contacts) are present.

Cell Biology of Stem-Cell Division

  • Apical-basal polarity of cells (neuroepithelial and radial glial) is crucial for symmetric or asymmetric division.
  • Vertical cleavage planes in division can be symmetric (proliferation) or asymmetric (neurogenesis).
  • Horizontal cleavage planes are rarer, but can still result in asymmetric divisions.
  • Transcription factors EMX2 and PAX6 regulate cell fate and division type in neural stem cells.
  • Mitotic spindle orientation is influenced by ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated) gene and mutations can lead to primary microcephaly.

Interkinetic Nuclear Migration

  • Migration of cell nuclei during the cell cycle (neuroepithelial and radial glial cells).
  • Apical migration in G1, basal in S, apical in G2 and mitosis in the apical region.

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