Neurodevelopmental Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Impairments in cognition, communication, behaviour and/or motor skills (correct)
  • Abnormalities in brain structure
  • Impairments in physical appearance

Which of the following is NOT a neurodevelopmental disorder?

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (correct)
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Intellectual Disabilities (ID)

What is the primary focus of diagnosis for neurodevelopmental disorders?

  • Biomarkers
  • Genetic testing
  • Brain imaging
  • Clinical presentation (correct)

What is the main idea behind the neurodiversity movement?

<p>To increase acceptance and inclusion of all people while embracing neurological differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of neurodiversity?

<p>The diversity of all people, including those with neurodevelopmental disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what decade did the neurodiversity movement emerge?

<p>1990s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thought to be the primary cause of ADHD?

<p>A combination of genetic and environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between ADHD and executive function impairments?

<p>ADHD is a disorder, while executive function impairments are symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region of the brain is most affected in ADHD?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the 'brain reward cascade'?

<p>Dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for an ADHD diagnosis?

<p>6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of executive function that involves self-regulation?

<p>Emotion control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the interaction among brain neurotransmitters in reward centres of the brain?

<p>Brain reward cascade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern of ADHD?

<p>Polygenic inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the diagnostic requirements for ADHD?

<p>To establish a persistent pattern of symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary region of the brain affected by volumetric reductions in total brain volume?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases of ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation?

<p>20% to 30% of cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of symptoms of inattention in ADHD?

<p>Lacking attention to detail in school or work assignments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common comorbidity of ADHD?

<p>Autism Spectrum Disorder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD?

<p>Excessive motor activity with feelings of physical restlessness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of psychoeducation in the treatment of ADHD?

<p>To help children understand and cope with their ADHD diagnosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases of ADHD are classified as combined presentation?

<p>50% to 75% of cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of manifestations of inattention in ADHD?

<p>Manifestations are consistent across multiple situations or settings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD?

<p>Direct negative impact on academic, occupational, or social functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation of ADHD?

<p>Symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity predominate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a comorbidity of ADHD that is an externalising disorder?

<p>Oppositional Defiance Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential feature of overdose?

<p>Hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should monitoring for signs of somnolence, sedation, hypotension, bradycardia, QT-prolongation, and arrhythmia occur?

<p>Weekly during dose titration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended monitoring frequency for body mass index (BMI) after the first year of treatment?

<p>Every 6 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about ADHD?

<p>ADHD is not a real disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered if a patient develops somnolence and sedation during treatment?

<p>Dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can lethargy occur during treatment?

<p>Predominantly during the first 2-3 weeks of treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action of methylphenidate in the central nervous system?

<p>Blocking the transporters of noradrenaline and dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for methylphenidate therapy?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of methylphenidate therapy?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for methylphenidate therapy?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a modified-release preparation of methylphenidate?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should healthcare professionals exercise caution when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monitoring requirement for methylphenidate therapy?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a special drug-modified release profile of methylphenidate?

<p>Biphasic release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should healthcare professionals do when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of behaviour management in ADHD therapy?

<p>To encourage good behaviour through rewards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social skills training in ADHD therapy?

<p>Improving attention and behaviour through role-play (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate?

<p>Competitively inhibiting the dopamine transporter and the noradrenaline transporter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for ADHD if symptoms do not improve with first-line treatment?

<p>Switching to the alternative first-line treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of environmental modifications in ADHD therapy?

<p>To reduce the impact of ADHD symptoms on a person's day-to-day life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential advantage of lisdexamfetamine mesilate over immediate-release dexamphetamine?

<p>It is less likely to be abused (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in ADHD therapy?

<p>To change how parents or their child feels about a situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended course of action if a patient is unresponsive to one or more stimulant drugs?

<p>Seeking advice from, or referral to a tertiary specialist ADHD service (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate on the serotonin receptor?

<p>It releases serotonin presynaptically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of parent training and education programmes in ADHD therapy?

<p>To help parents learn specific ways of talking to their child and playing and working with them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with a family history?

<p>Tourette syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action of Atomoxetine?

<p>Selective inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common side effect of Atomoxetine in adults?

<p>Feeling jittery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monitoring requirement for Methylphenidate hydrochloride and Atomoxetine?

<p>Monitor for psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contraindication for Guanfacine?

<p>Phaeochromocytoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Guanfacine on the prefrontal cortex?

<p>Inhibits the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dose adjustment required for Guanfacine with concurrent use of moderate and potent inhibitors of CYP3A4?

<p>Reduce dose by half (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the caution for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with epilepsy?

<p>Discontinue treatment if increased seizure frequency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common side effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of action of Guanfacine that differs from psychostimulants or atomoxetine?

<p>Mimics noradrenaline stimulation of postsynaptic receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  • Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
  • Primary focus of diagnosis relies on behavioral observations and symptom duration.
  • ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities are examples of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Neurodiversity Movement

  • Emerged in the 1990s as a social movement advocating for the acceptance of neurological differences.
  • Main idea is that neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and ADHD should be recognized as natural variations of human cognition rather than disorders.
  • Key aspect includes promoting strengths associated with neurodiverse individuals rather than solely focusing on deficits.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

  • Primary cause believed to involve genetic influences and neurological differences, particularly in brain structure and function.
  • Main affected brain region is the prefrontal cortex, responsible for executive functions.
  • The neurotransmitter predominantly involved in the 'brain reward cascade' is dopamine.
  • Minimum duration of symptoms required for diagnosis is six months.
  • Self-regulation is a crucial component of executive function, allowing individuals to manage emotions and behaviors.

ADHD Symptoms and Comorbidities

  • Symptoms of inattention may include difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
  • Predominantly inattentive presentation comprises about 30% of ADHD cases.
  • Comorbidity with externalizing disorders, such as conduct disorder, is common.

Treatment Considerations

  • Psychoeducation aims to empower individuals with knowledge about ADHD for better management.
  • Combined presentation accounts for approximately 50% of ADHD cases.
  • Monitoring for adverse effects during treatment includes signs of somnolence, sedation, and cardiovascular issues.
  • Body mass index (BMI) monitoring recommended annually after the first year of treatment.

Medication Management

  • Methylphenidate is primary therapy for ADHD, working primarily through dopamine reuptake inhibition.
  • Contraindications for methylphenidate include a history of substance abuse or serious heart conditions.
  • Atomoxetine, a non-stimulant option, can cause sedation and affects norepinephrine reuptake.

Special Considerations

  • Caution advised when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate due to differing pharmacokinetics.
  • Guanfacine provides unique action by targeting alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, enhancing prefrontal cortex functioning.
  • Dose adjustment is necessary for Guanfacine with certain CYP3A4 inhibitors.

Behavioral Interventions

  • Behaviour management aims to reinforce desired behaviors while reducing unwanted ones.
  • Environmental modifications in therapy focus on creating structured and supportive settings for individuals.
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to modify negative thought patterns and improve coping strategies.

Alternative Treatment Approaches

  • Lisdexamfetamine mesilate is recommended for patients unresponsive to first-line stimulant treatments, showing advantages in sustained efficacy.
  • Parent training education programs are integral in equipping families with strategies to support children with ADHD.

Monitoring and Side Effects

  • Common side effects of methylphenidate include insomnia, decreased appetite, and increased heart rate.
  • Regular monitoring required for all medication therapies, paying special attention to potential neurological effects.
  • Overdose symptoms may include severe agitation, confusion, and cardiovascular distress.

By understanding these key aspects, students can have a comprehensive view of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ADHD and treatment options.

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Description

Test your knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Learn about the characteristics and impairments associated with these conditions.

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