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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Quiz
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Impairments in cognition, communication, behaviour and/or motor skills (correct)
  • Abnormalities in brain structure
  • Impairments in physical appearance

    • Which of the following is NOT a neurodevelopmental disorder?

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (correct)
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Intellectual Disabilities (ID)

    • What is the primary focus of diagnosis for neurodevelopmental disorders?

  • Biomarkers
  • Genetic testing
  • Brain imaging
  • Clinical presentation (correct)

    • What is the main idea behind the neurodiversity movement?

    <p>To increase acceptance and inclusion of all people while embracing neurological differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of neurodiversity?

    <p>The diversity of all people, including those with neurodevelopmental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what decade did the neurodiversity movement emerge?

    <p>1990s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thought to be the primary cause of ADHD?

    <p>A combination of genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between ADHD and executive function impairments?

    <p>ADHD is a disorder, while executive function impairments are symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the brain is most affected in ADHD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the 'brain reward cascade'?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for an ADHD diagnosis?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of executive function that involves self-regulation?

    <p>Emotion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the interaction among brain neurotransmitters in reward centres of the brain?

    <p>Brain reward cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern of ADHD?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the diagnostic requirements for ADHD?

    <p>To establish a persistent pattern of symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region of the brain affected by volumetric reductions in total brain volume?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation?

    <p>20% to 30% of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of symptoms of inattention in ADHD?

    <p>Lacking attention to detail in school or work assignments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common comorbidity of ADHD?

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD?

    <p>Excessive motor activity with feelings of physical restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of psychoeducation in the treatment of ADHD?

    <p>To help children understand and cope with their ADHD diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of ADHD are classified as combined presentation?

    <p>50% to 75% of cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of manifestations of inattention in ADHD?

    <p>Manifestations are consistent across multiple situations or settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD?

    <p>Direct negative impact on academic, occupational, or social functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation of ADHD?

    <p>Symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity predominate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a comorbidity of ADHD that is an externalising disorder?

    <p>Oppositional Defiance Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential feature of overdose?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should monitoring for signs of somnolence, sedation, hypotension, bradycardia, QT-prolongation, and arrhythmia occur?

    <p>Weekly during dose titration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended monitoring frequency for body mass index (BMI) after the first year of treatment?

    <p>Every 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about ADHD?

    <p>ADHD is not a real disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered if a patient develops somnolence and sedation during treatment?

    <p>Dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can lethargy occur during treatment?

    <p>Predominantly during the first 2-3 weeks of treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of methylphenidate in the central nervous system?

    <p>Blocking the transporters of noradrenaline and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for methylphenidate therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of methylphenidate therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for methylphenidate therapy?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a modified-release preparation of methylphenidate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should healthcare professionals exercise caution when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a monitoring requirement for methylphenidate therapy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a special drug-modified release profile of methylphenidate?

    <p>Biphasic release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should healthcare professionals do when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of behaviour management in ADHD therapy?

    <p>To encourage good behaviour through rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of social skills training in ADHD therapy?

    <p>Improving attention and behaviour through role-play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate?

    <p>Competitively inhibiting the dopamine transporter and the noradrenaline transporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for ADHD if symptoms do not improve with first-line treatment?

    <p>Switching to the alternative first-line treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of environmental modifications in ADHD therapy?

    <p>To reduce the impact of ADHD symptoms on a person's day-to-day life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential advantage of lisdexamfetamine mesilate over immediate-release dexamphetamine?

    <p>It is less likely to be abused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in ADHD therapy?

    <p>To change how parents or their child feels about a situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended course of action if a patient is unresponsive to one or more stimulant drugs?

    <p>Seeking advice from, or referral to a tertiary specialist ADHD service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate on the serotonin receptor?

    <p>It releases serotonin presynaptically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of parent training and education programmes in ADHD therapy?

    <p>To help parents learn specific ways of talking to their child and playing and working with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with a family history?

    <p>Tourette syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Atomoxetine?

    <p>Selective inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect of Atomoxetine in adults?

    <p>Feeling jittery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monitoring requirement for Methylphenidate hydrochloride and Atomoxetine?

    <p>Monitor for psychiatric disorders and cardiovascular symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contraindication for Guanfacine?

    <p>Phaeochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Guanfacine on the prefrontal cortex?

    <p>Inhibits the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dose adjustment required for Guanfacine with concurrent use of moderate and potent inhibitors of CYP3A4?

    <p>Reduce dose by half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the caution for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with epilepsy?

    <p>Discontinue treatment if increased seizure frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of Guanfacine that differs from psychostimulants or atomoxetine?

    <p>Mimics noradrenaline stimulation of postsynaptic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurodevelopmental Disorders

    • Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
    • Primary focus of diagnosis relies on behavioral observations and symptom duration.
    • ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities are examples of neurodevelopmental disorders.

    Neurodiversity Movement

    • Emerged in the 1990s as a social movement advocating for the acceptance of neurological differences.
    • Main idea is that neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and ADHD should be recognized as natural variations of human cognition rather than disorders.
    • Key aspect includes promoting strengths associated with neurodiverse individuals rather than solely focusing on deficits.

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Primary cause believed to involve genetic influences and neurological differences, particularly in brain structure and function.
    • Main affected brain region is the prefrontal cortex, responsible for executive functions.
    • The neurotransmitter predominantly involved in the 'brain reward cascade' is dopamine.
    • Minimum duration of symptoms required for diagnosis is six months.
    • Self-regulation is a crucial component of executive function, allowing individuals to manage emotions and behaviors.

    ADHD Symptoms and Comorbidities

    • Symptoms of inattention may include difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
    • Predominantly inattentive presentation comprises about 30% of ADHD cases.
    • Comorbidity with externalizing disorders, such as conduct disorder, is common.

    Treatment Considerations

    • Psychoeducation aims to empower individuals with knowledge about ADHD for better management.
    • Combined presentation accounts for approximately 50% of ADHD cases.
    • Monitoring for adverse effects during treatment includes signs of somnolence, sedation, and cardiovascular issues.
    • Body mass index (BMI) monitoring recommended annually after the first year of treatment.

    Medication Management

    • Methylphenidate is primary therapy for ADHD, working primarily through dopamine reuptake inhibition.
    • Contraindications for methylphenidate include a history of substance abuse or serious heart conditions.
    • Atomoxetine, a non-stimulant option, can cause sedation and affects norepinephrine reuptake.

    Special Considerations

    • Caution advised when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate due to differing pharmacokinetics.
    • Guanfacine provides unique action by targeting alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, enhancing prefrontal cortex functioning.
    • Dose adjustment is necessary for Guanfacine with certain CYP3A4 inhibitors.

    Behavioral Interventions

    • Behaviour management aims to reinforce desired behaviors while reducing unwanted ones.
    • Environmental modifications in therapy focus on creating structured and supportive settings for individuals.
    • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to modify negative thought patterns and improve coping strategies.

    Alternative Treatment Approaches

    • Lisdexamfetamine mesilate is recommended for patients unresponsive to first-line stimulant treatments, showing advantages in sustained efficacy.
    • Parent training education programs are integral in equipping families with strategies to support children with ADHD.

    Monitoring and Side Effects

    • Common side effects of methylphenidate include insomnia, decreased appetite, and increased heart rate.
    • Regular monitoring required for all medication therapies, paying special attention to potential neurological effects.
    • Overdose symptoms may include severe agitation, confusion, and cardiovascular distress.

    By understanding these key aspects, students can have a comprehensive view of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ADHD and treatment options.

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    Test your knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Learn about the characteristics and impairments associated with these conditions.

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