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Questions and Answers
What are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by?
What are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by?
Which of the following is NOT a neurodevelopmental disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a neurodevelopmental disorder?
What is the primary focus of diagnosis for neurodevelopmental disorders?
What is the primary focus of diagnosis for neurodevelopmental disorders?
What is the main idea behind the neurodiversity movement?
What is the main idea behind the neurodiversity movement?
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What is a key aspect of neurodiversity?
What is a key aspect of neurodiversity?
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In what decade did the neurodiversity movement emerge?
In what decade did the neurodiversity movement emerge?
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What is thought to be the primary cause of ADHD?
What is thought to be the primary cause of ADHD?
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What is the main difference between ADHD and executive function impairments?
What is the main difference between ADHD and executive function impairments?
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What region of the brain is most affected in ADHD?
What region of the brain is most affected in ADHD?
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What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the 'brain reward cascade'?
What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the 'brain reward cascade'?
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What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for an ADHD diagnosis?
What is the minimum duration of symptoms required for an ADHD diagnosis?
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What is the main component of executive function that involves self-regulation?
What is the main component of executive function that involves self-regulation?
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What is the term used to describe the interaction among brain neurotransmitters in reward centres of the brain?
What is the term used to describe the interaction among brain neurotransmitters in reward centres of the brain?
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What is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern of ADHD?
What is the term used to describe the inheritance pattern of ADHD?
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What is the primary purpose of the diagnostic requirements for ADHD?
What is the primary purpose of the diagnostic requirements for ADHD?
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What is the primary region of the brain affected by volumetric reductions in total brain volume?
What is the primary region of the brain affected by volumetric reductions in total brain volume?
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What percentage of cases of ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation?
What percentage of cases of ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation?
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What is a characteristic of symptoms of inattention in ADHD?
What is a characteristic of symptoms of inattention in ADHD?
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What is a common comorbidity of ADHD?
What is a common comorbidity of ADHD?
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What is a characteristic of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD?
What is a characteristic of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD?
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What is the purpose of psychoeducation in the treatment of ADHD?
What is the purpose of psychoeducation in the treatment of ADHD?
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What percentage of cases of ADHD are classified as combined presentation?
What percentage of cases of ADHD are classified as combined presentation?
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What is a characteristic of manifestations of inattention in ADHD?
What is a characteristic of manifestations of inattention in ADHD?
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What is a consequence of symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD?
What is a consequence of symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD?
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What is a characteristic of the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation of ADHD?
What is a characteristic of the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation of ADHD?
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What is a comorbidity of ADHD that is an externalising disorder?
What is a comorbidity of ADHD that is an externalising disorder?
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What is a potential feature of overdose?
What is a potential feature of overdose?
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When should monitoring for signs of somnolence, sedation, hypotension, bradycardia, QT-prolongation, and arrhythmia occur?
When should monitoring for signs of somnolence, sedation, hypotension, bradycardia, QT-prolongation, and arrhythmia occur?
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What is the recommended monitoring frequency for body mass index (BMI) after the first year of treatment?
What is the recommended monitoring frequency for body mass index (BMI) after the first year of treatment?
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What is a common misconception about ADHD?
What is a common misconception about ADHD?
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What should be considered if a patient develops somnolence and sedation during treatment?
What should be considered if a patient develops somnolence and sedation during treatment?
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When can lethargy occur during treatment?
When can lethargy occur during treatment?
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What is the main mechanism of action of methylphenidate in the central nervous system?
What is the main mechanism of action of methylphenidate in the central nervous system?
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What is a contraindication for methylphenidate therapy?
What is a contraindication for methylphenidate therapy?
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What is a potential side effect of methylphenidate therapy?
What is a potential side effect of methylphenidate therapy?
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What is the primary indication for methylphenidate therapy?
What is the primary indication for methylphenidate therapy?
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What is a modified-release preparation of methylphenidate?
What is a modified-release preparation of methylphenidate?
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Why should healthcare professionals exercise caution when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
Why should healthcare professionals exercise caution when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
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What is a monitoring requirement for methylphenidate therapy?
What is a monitoring requirement for methylphenidate therapy?
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What is a potential benefit of modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
What is a potential benefit of modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
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What is a special drug-modified release profile of methylphenidate?
What is a special drug-modified release profile of methylphenidate?
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What should healthcare professionals do when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
What should healthcare professionals do when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate?
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What is the primary goal of behaviour management in ADHD therapy?
What is the primary goal of behaviour management in ADHD therapy?
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What is the primary focus of social skills training in ADHD therapy?
What is the primary focus of social skills training in ADHD therapy?
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What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate?
What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate?
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What is the recommended treatment for ADHD if symptoms do not improve with first-line treatment?
What is the recommended treatment for ADHD if symptoms do not improve with first-line treatment?
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What is the role of environmental modifications in ADHD therapy?
What is the role of environmental modifications in ADHD therapy?
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What is the potential advantage of lisdexamfetamine mesilate over immediate-release dexamphetamine?
What is the potential advantage of lisdexamfetamine mesilate over immediate-release dexamphetamine?
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What is the primary goal of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in ADHD therapy?
What is the primary goal of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in ADHD therapy?
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What is the recommended course of action if a patient is unresponsive to one or more stimulant drugs?
What is the recommended course of action if a patient is unresponsive to one or more stimulant drugs?
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What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate on the serotonin receptor?
What is the mechanism of action of lisdexamfetamine mesilate on the serotonin receptor?
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What is the role of parent training and education programmes in ADHD therapy?
What is the role of parent training and education programmes in ADHD therapy?
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What is the contraindication for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with a family history?
What is the contraindication for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with a family history?
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What is the mode of action of Atomoxetine?
What is the mode of action of Atomoxetine?
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What is the common side effect of Atomoxetine in adults?
What is the common side effect of Atomoxetine in adults?
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What is the monitoring requirement for Methylphenidate hydrochloride and Atomoxetine?
What is the monitoring requirement for Methylphenidate hydrochloride and Atomoxetine?
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What is the contraindication for Guanfacine?
What is the contraindication for Guanfacine?
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What is the effect of Guanfacine on the prefrontal cortex?
What is the effect of Guanfacine on the prefrontal cortex?
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What is the dose adjustment required for Guanfacine with concurrent use of moderate and potent inhibitors of CYP3A4?
What is the dose adjustment required for Guanfacine with concurrent use of moderate and potent inhibitors of CYP3A4?
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What is the caution for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with epilepsy?
What is the caution for Methylphenidate hydrochloride in patients with epilepsy?
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What is the common side effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride?
What is the common side effect of Methylphenidate hydrochloride?
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What is the mode of action of Guanfacine that differs from psychostimulants or atomoxetine?
What is the mode of action of Guanfacine that differs from psychostimulants or atomoxetine?
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Study Notes
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments in personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning.
- Primary focus of diagnosis relies on behavioral observations and symptom duration.
- ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities are examples of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Neurodiversity Movement
- Emerged in the 1990s as a social movement advocating for the acceptance of neurological differences.
- Main idea is that neurodevelopmental conditions like autism and ADHD should be recognized as natural variations of human cognition rather than disorders.
- Key aspect includes promoting strengths associated with neurodiverse individuals rather than solely focusing on deficits.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Primary cause believed to involve genetic influences and neurological differences, particularly in brain structure and function.
- Main affected brain region is the prefrontal cortex, responsible for executive functions.
- The neurotransmitter predominantly involved in the 'brain reward cascade' is dopamine.
- Minimum duration of symptoms required for diagnosis is six months.
- Self-regulation is a crucial component of executive function, allowing individuals to manage emotions and behaviors.
ADHD Symptoms and Comorbidities
- Symptoms of inattention may include difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
- Predominantly inattentive presentation comprises about 30% of ADHD cases.
- Comorbidity with externalizing disorders, such as conduct disorder, is common.
Treatment Considerations
- Psychoeducation aims to empower individuals with knowledge about ADHD for better management.
- Combined presentation accounts for approximately 50% of ADHD cases.
- Monitoring for adverse effects during treatment includes signs of somnolence, sedation, and cardiovascular issues.
- Body mass index (BMI) monitoring recommended annually after the first year of treatment.
Medication Management
- Methylphenidate is primary therapy for ADHD, working primarily through dopamine reuptake inhibition.
- Contraindications for methylphenidate include a history of substance abuse or serious heart conditions.
- Atomoxetine, a non-stimulant option, can cause sedation and affects norepinephrine reuptake.
Special Considerations
- Caution advised when switching between modified-release preparations of methylphenidate due to differing pharmacokinetics.
- Guanfacine provides unique action by targeting alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, enhancing prefrontal cortex functioning.
- Dose adjustment is necessary for Guanfacine with certain CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Behavioral Interventions
- Behaviour management aims to reinforce desired behaviors while reducing unwanted ones.
- Environmental modifications in therapy focus on creating structured and supportive settings for individuals.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to modify negative thought patterns and improve coping strategies.
Alternative Treatment Approaches
- Lisdexamfetamine mesilate is recommended for patients unresponsive to first-line stimulant treatments, showing advantages in sustained efficacy.
- Parent training education programs are integral in equipping families with strategies to support children with ADHD.
Monitoring and Side Effects
- Common side effects of methylphenidate include insomnia, decreased appetite, and increased heart rate.
- Regular monitoring required for all medication therapies, paying special attention to potential neurological effects.
- Overdose symptoms may include severe agitation, confusion, and cardiovascular distress.
By understanding these key aspects, students can have a comprehensive view of neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ADHD and treatment options.
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Description
Test your knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Learn about the characteristics and impairments associated with these conditions.