Neurodevelopmental Disorders Overview
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders Overview

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Questions and Answers

What should be assessed to make comorbid diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability?

  • Presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors
  • Age of onset of symptoms
  • Severity of medical or genetic conditions
  • Social communication below expected developmental level (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing autism spectrum disorder?

  • Significant language development delay (correct)
  • Restricted, repetitive behaviors
  • Social impairments evident even with support
  • Marked deficits in social communication

    • Which severity level indicates a need for very substantial support due to severe deficits in communication skills?

  • Level 2
  • Level 1
  • Level 4
  • Level 3 (correct)

    • What characterizes individuals at Level 2 severity for autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Marked deficits with evident social impairments even with support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinicians evaluate in individuals with marked social communication deficits that do not fully meet autism criteria?

    <p>Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential specification for autism spectrum disorder diagnosis?

    <p>With or without accompanying intellectual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is indicative of Level 3 severity in autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Extreme difficulty coping with change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals diagnosed with which conditions should still be classified under autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary age range for the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>Before schooling starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a communication disorder?

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intellectual disability specifically refers to delayed growth and development observed in children?

    <p>Global Developmental Delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three criteria necessary for diagnosing intellectual disability?

    <p>Deficits in intellectual functions, adaptive functioning, and a developmental period onset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term was adopted in place of Intellectual Disability in DSM 5 TR?

    <p>Intellectual Developmental Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is typically characterized by significant impairment in social and cognitive functioning?

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions frequently co-occurs with neurodevelopmental disorders?

    <p>Various health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the deficits required for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?

    <p>Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the deficits associated with social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>Limited understanding of nonliteral language and making inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criterion for diagnosing social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>Symptoms should not be explained by another medical condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor associated with social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>A family history of social communication disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ from social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>ASD is characterized by restricted and repetitive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions shares overlapping symptoms with social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>Social anxiety disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition would a diagnosis of intellectual disability be made alongside social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>When social communication deficits significantly exceed the limitations of intellectual disability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might indicate a comprehensive history is necessary for diagnosing social (pragmatic) communication disorder?

    <p>Shift in symptoms with increased social demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially mislead a diagnosis if not carefully assessed?

    <p>Overlap of symptoms with another mental disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may be associated with language regression in children under 3 years old?

    <p>Autism Spectrum Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic criterion for speech sound disorder?

    <p>The condition must improve with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?

    <p>Disturbances in the normal fluency of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily an anxiety disorder that may develop in children with speech disorders?

    <p>Selective Mutism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions may result in abnormalities in speech due to hearing impairment?

    <p>Speech Sound Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech disorder is characterized by sound prolongations and syllable repetitions?

    <p>Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a potential cause of dysarthria in a child?

    <p>Motor disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical aspect must be considered when diagnosing a speech sound disorder?

    <p>Presence of other medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a specific language disorder?

    <p>Abnormal nonverbal communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder appropriate for an individual with an intellectual disability?

    <p>When social communication and interaction are significantly impaired</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is typically diagnosed when motor stereotypies are present but are explained by autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Stereotypic movement disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of schizophrenia that is absent in autism spectrum disorder?

    <p>Hallucinations and delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion must be met for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in individuals age 17 and older?

    <p>Five or more symptoms of inattention must persist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an inattention symptom for ADHD?

    <p>Often fails to give close attention to details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior is commonly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Persistent inattention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is essential for differentiating autism spectrum disorder from stereotypic movement disorder?

    <p>Developmental level of nonverbal skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurodevelopmental Disorders Overview

    • Begin in childhood, typically before school age.
    • Impairment in brain or CNS development affects growth.
    • Major impacts on social and cognitive functioning.
    • Often co-occur with other disorders.

    Categories of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

    • Intellectual Disabilities

      • Intellectual Disability
      • Global Developmental Delay
      • Unspecified Intellectual Disability (IDD)

    • Communication Disorders

      • Language Disorder
      • Speech Sound Disorder
      • Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
      • Social Communication Disorder

    • Other Disorders

      • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
      • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
      • Specific Learning Disorder

    Intellectual Disability

    • Defined by significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning.
    • Renamed to Intellectual Developmental Disorder in DSM 5 TR.

    Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disabilities

    • Must satisfy three criteria:
      • Deficits in intellectual functions confirmed by assessment and standardized testing.
      • Deficits in adaptive functioning impacting personal independence and social responsibility.
      • Requires careful evaluation when co-occurring with autism spectrum disorder.

    Specifiers for Intellectual Disabilities

    • Identify if accompanied by:
      • Intellectual impairment
      • Language impairment
      • Known medical/genetic conditions
      • Other neurodevelopmental, mental, or behavioral disorders

    Severity Levels of Communication Disorders

    • Level 3: Severe deficits in social communication needing substantial support.
    • Level 2: Marked deficits with noticeable social impairments but can receive support.

    Differential Diagnoses in Communication Disorders

    • Neurological Disorders: Learning disabilities may occur due to neurological conditions.
    • Language Regression: Differentiate symptoms based on age and conditions (e.g., ASD, Landau-Kleffner syndrome).
    • Other speech-related conditions such as Dysarthria and Selective Mutism.

    Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

    • Characterized by disruptions in the normal flow of speech.
    • Symptoms include sound repetitions, prolongations, broken words, and blocking.

    Diagnostic Criteria for Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder

    • Persistent difficulties in speech patterns inappropriate for age.
    • Functional limitations affecting communication and associations with other social and academic activities.

    Social Communication Disorder (Pragmatic Communication Disorder)

    • Presents with deficits in effective communication and understanding non-literal language.
    • Symptoms overlap with ASD but lack restricted/repetitive patterns of behavior.

    Differential Diagnosis for Social Communication Disorder

    • Distinguish from ASD by understanding the presence of restricted behaviors.
    • Consider co-occurrence with ADHD.
    • Differentiate from Social Anxiety Disorder based on symptom onset and characteristics.

    Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • Affects behavior marked by inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

    Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD

    • Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.
    • Shows symptoms inconsistent with developmental levels impacting various activities.

    Key Symptoms of Inattention for ADHD

    • Poor attention to detail; careless mistakes.
    • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks.
    • Often seems inattentive when directly spoken to.

    Risk Factors for Neurodevelopmental Disorders

    • Family history of ASD, communication disorders, or specific learning disorders may increase risk.

    Comorbidity Considerations

    • Intellectual disability can overlap with other neurodevelopmental disorders, necessitating a detailed evaluation for accurate diagnosis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing on their onset, impacts on brain and cognitive development, and types of intellectual disabilities. It is essential for understanding how these conditions affect childhood development and social functioning.

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