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Questions and Answers
What are teratogens primarily associated with during pregnancy?
What are teratogens primarily associated with during pregnancy?
Which maternal infection is notably linked to intellectual disability and congenital anomalies when contracted during the first trimester?
Which maternal infection is notably linked to intellectual disability and congenital anomalies when contracted during the first trimester?
Which of the following is NOT a common form of intoxication that can lead to neurological damage in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a common form of intoxication that can lead to neurological damage in infants?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is primarily associated with difficulties in which of the following areas?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is primarily associated with difficulties in which of the following areas?
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What type of disorders can children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome be at risk of developing as they mature?
What type of disorders can children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome be at risk of developing as they mature?
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How is Autism Spectrum Disorder characterized in terms of its impact on individuals?
How is Autism Spectrum Disorder characterized in terms of its impact on individuals?
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What is one of the primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What is one of the primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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Which of the following may be a lifelong consequence of untreated intellectual disability caused by environmental hazards?
Which of the following may be a lifelong consequence of untreated intellectual disability caused by environmental hazards?
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What is a potential disadvantage of a child's dependency on adults?
What is a potential disadvantage of a child's dependency on adults?
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What does the first criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability focus on?
What does the first criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability focus on?
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Which term was used in DSM-IV for intellectual disability before the change?
Which term was used in DSM-IV for intellectual disability before the change?
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What does the second set of criteria for intellectual disability assess?
What does the second set of criteria for intellectual disability assess?
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What age must the signs of intellectual disability typically manifest before?
What age must the signs of intellectual disability typically manifest before?
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How can a child's inexperience with adversity impact their perception of problems?
How can a child's inexperience with adversity impact their perception of problems?
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In what ways can children typically respond to challenges compared to adults?
In what ways can children typically respond to challenges compared to adults?
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What is a characteristic of the general intellectual abilities assessed in intellectual disability?
What is a characteristic of the general intellectual abilities assessed in intellectual disability?
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What are the categories used to rate the severity of intellectual disability?
What are the categories used to rate the severity of intellectual disability?
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Which genetic abnormality is associated with Tay-Sachs Disease?
Which genetic abnormality is associated with Tay-Sachs Disease?
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What condition is caused by a lack of enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine?
What condition is caused by a lack of enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine?
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What is one of the potential consequences of untreated Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is one of the potential consequences of untreated Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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At what age should dietary treatment for PKU ideally start to prevent cerebral damage?
At what age should dietary treatment for PKU ideally start to prevent cerebral damage?
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Which condition is characterized by deficits in intellectual functioning due to a disturbance in fat metabolism?
Which condition is characterized by deficits in intellectual functioning due to a disturbance in fat metabolism?
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What symptom typically does NOT occur in children with Tay-Sachs Disease?
What symptom typically does NOT occur in children with Tay-Sachs Disease?
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What is a common symptom associated with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
What is a common symptom associated with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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Study Notes
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- This module covers disorders beginning in childhood, diverging from typical development.
- Disorders are understood in the context of normal development.
- These disorders often persist throughout a person's life.
Topic Learning Objectives
- TLO 24: Examine developmental disorders in the context of child and adolescent development theories.
- TLO 25: Evaluate normal from delayed intellectual functioning in individuals.
- TLO 26: Explain childhood to adolescent psychological disorders.
Introduction
- A child's behavior should be viewed in the context of normal childhood development.
- Behaviors are considered abnormal if not appropriate for the child's age.
- Neurodevelopmental disorders begin in childhood and persist throughout life.
Childhood Disorders
- Childhood disorders differ from adult disorders in their clinical presentation:
- Emotional disturbances may be short-lived and less specific.
- Many childhood disorders severely impact future development.
- Examples include eating problems (overeating, self-starvation), elimination problems, sleep disturbances, communication problems, attention problems, learning disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and conduct disorders.
- These are called "developmental" due to significant deviations from typical childhood/adolescent development.
- Specific examples:
- Children who don't speak by a certain age
- Children who are terrified to go to school at a certain age
- Children who wet their bed past a certain age
- Children with speech/language issues (stuttering, reversing letters/words)
Special Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children
- Young children are exceptionally vulnerable to psychological problems.
- They have less self-understanding and have not fully developed an understanding of expectations and resources.
- "Immediately perceived threats are disproportionately important".
- Children are less equipped to cope with stressful situations compared to adults.
- Issues like suicide or violence against another person are misunderstood by children.
- Children have more dependency on others, making them vulnerable to rejection/disappointment if needs aren't met by those around them.
- Lack of experience in dealing with adversity makes manageable problems seem insurmountable.
Intellectual Disability
- Characterized by intellectual and adaptive deficits appearing in childhood.
- DSM-5 uses the term "intellectual developmental disorder" for compatibility with ICD.
Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
-
Three sets of criteria are used:
- Deficits in general intellectual abilities (reasoning, problem-solving, judgment, learning).
- Impairment in adaptive functioning across various life areas(communication, social participation, independent living).
- Onset before age 18
-
Severity levels: Mild, moderate, severe, profound based on adaptive functioning needs.
Etiology of Intellectual Disability
-
Genetic Abnormalities: Some Intellectual disabilities result from genetic abnormalities like,
- Infantile Cerebral Lipoidosis
- Phenylketonuria
- Galactosemia
- Environmental Hazards: During pregnancy, factors like infections or exposure to toxins can cause intellectual disabilities.
Fragile X Syndrome
- Genetic disorder, found mostly in males.
- Characterized by physical and cognitive traits and challenges in social interaction /communication.
- Physical characteristics may include a large head circumference, a large forehead and long face, flat feet, large body size, and large testicles.
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
- Extra chromosome on pair 21.
- Leading cause of mental deficiency, characterized by a range of physical characteristics and an intellectual disability.
- Common physical traits include a small round skull, large protruding tongue, and short limbs.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Neurodevelopmental disorder.
- Characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.
- Key characteristics:
- Social deficits (difficulty in social interaction/relationships).
- Language deficits.
- Repetitive behaviors.
- Cognitive deficits, self-stimulation, and maintaining sameness.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Characterized by persistent difficulties with inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
- Impacts a child's ability to focus, control behavior.
- Problems are present across multiple settings.
- Possible causes include environmental and/or genetic/biological factors, family influences.
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
- Marked by persistent violations of rules and rights of others.
- Three core traits that often cause difficulties for those with these conditions:
- Disinhibition
- Excessive Constraint
- Negative Emotionality
Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents
- It's important that children are not spared from stress/anxiety.
- Anxiety-related disorders include separation anxiety.
- Depression and mood disorders are also common.
- There are developmental nuances in diagnoses.
Eating Disorders
- Characterized by severe disturbances in eating behaviors that affect physical and emotional well-being.
- Types include: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa
- Complex interplay of genetic factors and sociocultural influence.
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Description
This quiz explores neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in childhood and impact development throughout life. Learn to differentiate between normal and delayed intellectual functioning, and understand childhood psychological disorders within developmental theories. Discover how children's behaviors align with typical childhood development milestones.
