Neurodegenerative Disorders Overview

Which of the following best describes neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs)? A. Acute, reversible conditions caused by infections. B. Chronic, progressive disorders leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. C. Disorders caused exclusively by hereditary mutations. D. Conditions characterized by reversible neuronal damage without cell death.

What is a common pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders?

Which of the following is NOT true about neurodegenerative disorders? A. They are chronic and progressive in nature. B. Sporadic forms are more common than hereditary forms. C. They exclusively affect motor neurons. D. Aggregated proteins can directly harm neurons.

Which of the following pairs a neurodegenerative disorder with its most commonly affected brain region correctly? A. Alzheimer’s disease – Basal ganglia B. Parkinson’s disease – Substantia nigra C. Huntington’s disease – Hippocampus D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – Cerebellum

Which of these proteins is associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

Which brain region is first affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)?

Which neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by weakness and paralysis due to motor neuron involvement?

What is the first brain region affected in Parkinson's disease (PD)?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) commonly affects which combination of brain regions?

Which neurodegenerative disorder is most associated with uncontrolled movements due to striatal involvement?

Dementia is a prominent clinical feature of which of the following disorders? (Select one)

Elective neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative disorders means:

Which neurodegenerative disorder is the leading cause of dementia?

What is one hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases?

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for dementia, according to the Lancet Commission on Dementia prevention (2020)?

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease consist of: A. Insoluble fibrils inside neurons made up of abnormal Tau protein B. Extracellular amyloid deposits C. Accumulations of Tau in the synaptic cleft D. Disrupted neurofilaments in the axons of neurons

What is the function of Tau protein in a normal neuron?

What happens to the microtubule structure in Alzheimer's disease?

Which of the following best describes brain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease?

Which of the following neurodegenerative disorders is NOT associated with Tau protein deposition?

What is the primary characteristic of Tauopathies?

Which of the following disorders is associated with β-amyloid plaques?

What is a characteristic feature of β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?

β-amyloid is a cleavage product of which larger protein?

What is the role of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in the brain under normal conditions?

Which of the following genetic mutations is associated with frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism (FTDP-17)?

Which of the following describes the normal processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)?

In Alzheimer's disease, the abnormal processing of APP leads to the production of which form of β-amyloid?

Which secretase is responsible for cleaving APP in the extracellular segment, leading to the formation of the amyloidogenic form of β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease?

What is the primary consequence of the production of the amyloidogenic form of β-amyloid (Aβ1-42) in Alzheimer's disease?

Which fragment is NOT a product of normal APP processing?

In Alzheimer's disease, β-secretase cleaves APP in which region of the protein?

Which segment of APP is cleaved by γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease to generate β-amyloid?

Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving APP in the normal processing pathway?

Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) typically presents with an onset of symptoms at what age?

Which of the following mutations or genetic abnormalities is associated with Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD)?

Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) is inherited in which manner?

Children of a parent with Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) have what chance of inheriting the condition?

The most common mutations in Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) are found in which gene?

In Down’s syndrome, there is an increased risk of developing Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) due to which genetic factor?

PSEN1 and PSEN2 are genes that encode proteins that are essential for the function of which enzyme involved in Alzheimer’s pathology?

Which mutation is the most common cause of Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD)?

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) accounts for what percentage of all dementia cases?

Which of the following is considered the most important risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)?

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) usually develops after which age?

Which gene is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) allele is most strongly associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a role in which biological process that is linked to Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which of the following is true regarding Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)? A. ApoE4 allele decreases the risk of AD B. ApoE3 allele is associated with a neutral risk of AD C. ApoE2 allele increases the risk of AD D. ApoE4 allele is protective against AD

Which of the following genetic mutations are commonly associated with Familial Alzheimer’s Disease (FAD)?

Where is the APOE gene located?

Which of the following APOE alleles is most strongly associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which APOE allele is the most common and has a neutral correlation with the risk of Alzheimer's Disease?

Having one or two copies of the APOE ε4 allele increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). What is the primary function of APOE?

Which APOE allele is associated with the highest risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease?

Which genetic factor is most strongly correlated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

How many alleles of APOE exist, and which of the following is not one of them?

Which of the following mutations or genetic changes increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which allele of APOE is considered the rarest and is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s Disease?

Which of the following is typically seen in the mild stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

During the moderate stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), which symptom is most commonly observed?

Which of the following is a severe symptom in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)? A. Trouble with routine tasks B. Anxiety, agitation, and paranoia C. Loss of speech and appetite D. Personality changes

What is typically observed during the prodromal (early) stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which of the following is a common symptom seen in the moderate stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

What symptom is typically observed in the severe stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

In the mild stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), individuals often experience which of the following symptoms? (Select one)

In Alzheimer's Disease, which of the following symptoms might appear in the severe stage? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following is a prodromal (early) symptom of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Which of the following is not a reason why early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is important?

In Alzheimer's Disease, which biomarker change can be identified before clinical symptoms appear?

The preclinical phase of Alzheimer's Disease can last for how many years before the clinical phase begins?

Which of the following is a common method used to detect early biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease?

Which imaging technique can be used to identify early biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease?

Which phase of Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by identifiable changes in biomarkers such as Aβ42 and p-Tau?

Which of the following is not typically involved in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease?

What is the primary focus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's Disease?

Which of the following drugs is an example of an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's Disease?

What is the primary goal of NMDA receptor antagonists like Memantine in treating Alzheimer's Disease?

Which of the following is true about the benefits of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's Disease treatment?

Which diagnostic method is used to detect the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles post-mortem in Alzheimer's Disease?

What is the response rate for Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, in improving cognition, social behavior, and functional ability in Alzheimer's patients?

Which of the following is typically used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease to exclude other conditions?

Which of the following best describes prion diseases?

What is the characteristic feature of prion diseases?

Which of the following is the most common prion disease in humans?

Which of the following is true regarding the prognosis of prion diseases? A. They are treatable with antiviral medications B. They are progressive, and there is currently no cure C. They only affect animals and not humans D. They can be fully reversed with early treatment

What is the normal prion protein (PrPc) known for? (Select one)

The abnormal, misfolded form of the prion protein (PrPSc) is:

What is the mechanism by which prions cause disease?

Which of the following is true about Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? A. It is a common form of childhood dementia B. It is a rare form of adult dementia with a rapidly progressive course C. It has a known and effective treatment D. It is primarily caused by environmental factors

Which of the following is not a typical symptom of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? A. Jerky movements and limb stiffness B. Loss of memory and mood changes C. Development of spongiform plaques in the brain D. Progressive hearing loss

What characteristic feature is seen in the brains of individuals with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Which of the following is the most common outcome for people diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? A. Complete recovery within a few months B. Death within 6 months of symptom onset C. Gradual symptom progression over many years D. Spontaneous remission of symptoms

What is the cause of death in most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is considered:

What is the main cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Huntington's Disease (HD) is caused by a mutation in which protein?

In Huntington's Disease (HD), what is the primary result of the mutation in the Huntingtin (Htt) protein?

What is the key feature of Huntington's Disease (HD) related to movement?

How is the age of onset of Huntington's Disease (HD) related to the genetic mutation?

In Huntington's Disease (HD), the CAG repeat mutation in the Huntingtin gene leads to which of the following?

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is also known as:

Which type of neurons are primarily affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Which of the following mutations is associated with familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Which protein is frequently associated with the genetic mutations seen in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) primarily leads to which type of dysfunction?