Neurodegenerative Diseases and Alzheimer's Insights
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Questions and Answers

What type of neurons are primarily degenerated in Huntington's disease?

  • Dopaminergic neurons
  • GABAergic neurons (correct)
  • Serotonergic neurons
  • Cholinergic neurons

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly missing in individuals with jerky involuntary movements in Huntington's disease?

  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA (correct)
  • Dopamine

How many CAG repeats in DNA are characteristic of Huntington's disease?

  • More than 120 (correct)
  • 10 to 35
  • 35 to 120
  • 2 to 10

If a person has 119 CAG repeats in their DNA, how many glutamines are likely present in the protein?

<p>119 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern of Huntington's disease?

<p>It is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having 119 CAG repeats in DNA?

<p>It encodes for 119 Gln repeats in protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Hyperactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which person is most likely to develop Parkinson's Disease?

<p>A farmer in California using pesticides with a genetic susceptibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the development of most cases of Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Gene-environment interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's Disease?

<p>Substantia nigra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain condition primarily affects the initial brain areas involved in memory?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event is commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Formation of amyloid plaques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic mutation is primarily responsible for Huntington's disease?

<p>Expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

<p>It leads to paralysis of voluntary muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition's progression may lead to a minimally conscious state?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neurodegeneration characterized by?

<p>Gradual loss of structure or function of brain tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is specifically characterized by amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles?

<p>Alzheimer’s Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area of the brain does Alzheimer’s Disease first affect structure and function?

<p>Hippocampus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavioral effect most commonly associated with motoneuron loss in ALS?

<p>Progressive muscle weakness, spasticity, eventual paralysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of the APOE gene relate to Alzheimer's Disease?

<p>It increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding hereditary factors in ALS?

<p>10% of ALS cases are hereditary with dominant mutations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain type is characterized by enlarged ventricles?

<p>Brain of someone with Alzheimer's (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children will potentially have ALS if both parents each carry one copy of the ALS gene?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alzheimer's Brain Changes

Alzheimer's disease affects the brain by causing enlarged ventricles and reduced brain tissue volume.

Early Alzheimer's Areas

Early stages of Alzheimer's typically affect the hippocampus and cortex.

ALS (Lou Gehrig's) affect

ALS affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and loss of function.

Huntington's Disease DNA/Protein Mutations

Huntington's disease is caused by a specific DNA mutation related to a protein that leads to neurological damage.

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ALS Inheritance Prediction

Predicting ALS inheritance depends on the specific gene and the genotypes of parents.

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Huntington's Disease cause

Caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin gene, resulting in an abnormally extended stretch of CAG repeats in the DNA sequence, which is then translated into an abnormally lengthened protein containing many glutamines.

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Huntington's Disease symptom

Characterized by involuntary jerky movements (chorea), caused by an imbalance in brain neurotransmitters, likely involving a deficit of inhibitory neurotransmitters.

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Neurotransmitter affected in chorea

GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

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CAG repeats in protein

The number of CAG repeats in the DNA directly corresponds to the number of glutamine amino acids in the protein, the sequence being copied.

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Number of glutamines for 119 CAG repeats

119 glutamines

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Neurodegeneration

Gradual loss of brain tissue structure or function.

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disease causing memory loss and behavioral changes.

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Amyloid plaques

Extracellular protein deposits found in Alzheimer's Disease.

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Tau tangles

Intracellular protein deposits found in Alzheimer's Disease.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

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Motor neurons

Neurons that transmit signals telling your muscles what to do

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Genetic factors in Neurodegenerative disease

Some neurodegenerative diseases have genetic links, increasing the risk of developing the disease.

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APOE gene

A gene linked to increased risk of Alzheimer's Disease

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CAG Repeat

A section of DNA with a repeating sequence of cytosine (C), adenine (A), and guanine (G) nucleotides. The number of CAG repeats can influence gene expression.

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Gln Repeat

A repeating sequence of glutamine amino acids in a protein encoded by a gene. Extended Gln repeats can lead to dysfunction.

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Parkinson's Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor dysfunction and tremor.

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Dopamine Role

Dopamine is critical for reward, motivation, and purposeful movement. It plays a crucial role in brain function.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Rank young, old, and Alzheimer's brains based on ventricle size and brain tissue volume.
  • Identify the initial brain regions affected by Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
  • Describe how individuals with Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, or Parkinson's disease behave.
  • Detail cellular events in the brains of those with Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, or Parkinson's disease.
  • List the DNA and protein-level mutations causing Huntington's disease.
  • Predict ALS likelihood in children based on parental genotypes.

Neurodegenerative Diseases

  • Neurodegeneration: Gradual loss of brain structure or function (examples: Alzheimer's, ALS, Huntington's, Parkinson's).

Alzheimer's Disease

  • Characterized by extracellular amyloid beta plaques and intracellular tau tangles in neurons.
  • Symptoms include memory loss and behavioral disturbances.
  • Gradual brain loss, starting near the hippocampus.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

  • Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
  • A degenerative disease causing motor neuron loss in the spinal cord and brain stem.
  • In 10% of cases, it's hereditary, with a dominant mutation affecting 50% of offspring.

Huntington's Disease

  • Characterized by chorea (jerky involuntary movements).
  • Caused by multiple, multiple CAG repeats in the DNA.
  • The number of CAG repeats exceeding 120 is detrimental
  • Degenerated neurons in the cortex and striatum(a brain region neighboring the substantia nigra).
  • Mutant Huntingtin (Htt) protein aggregates accumulate in neurons.

Parkinson's Disease (PD)

  • Characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
  • Symptoms include resting tremor, postural instability, and gait disturbances
  • Most cases result from gene-environment interactions (e.g., pesticides).
  • Lewy bodies (abnormal clumps of alpha-synuclein protein) are present at the cellular level.

Other Points

  • Brain death in Singapore leads to the government owning the body's organs, despite an opt-out system.
  • The body may still be warm and the heart may still be beating when the brain is dead.
  • The question of whether death is a point or a spectrum and who defines death are important considerations.
  • A 22-year-old brain exhibits different features from an 89-year-old brain because ventricular size tends to increase with age.

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Related Documents

Bio35 Lecture 20 Neurodegenerative Diseases 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz evaluates your understanding of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly focusing on Alzheimer's. You'll rank brain regions by their response to these diseases, identify affected areas, and describe behavioral changes in patients. Additionally, explore genetic mutations and their implications for conditions like Huntington's disease and ALS.

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