Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes are found in the peripheral nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are found in the peripheral nervous system.
False
What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
It integrates incoming signals and initiates action potentials.
The two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the __________ and __________ divisions.
The two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the __________ and __________ divisions.
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What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?
What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?
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High levels of acetylcholine mean you are less engaged and not paying attention.
High levels of acetylcholine mean you are less engaged and not paying attention.
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Match the following parts of the nervous system to their functions:
Match the following parts of the nervous system to their functions:
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Which of the following planes of orientation divides the body into left and right sections?
Which of the following planes of orientation divides the body into left and right sections?
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Name the two brain areas that contain dopamine neurons.
Name the two brain areas that contain dopamine neurons.
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________ increases when you want things and influences motivation.
________ increases when you want things and influences motivation.
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What is the role of microglia in the nervous system?
What is the role of microglia in the nervous system?
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Match the neurotransmitters with their primary effects:
Match the neurotransmitters with their primary effects:
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What effect does cocaine have on dopamine synapses?
What effect does cocaine have on dopamine synapses?
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Dopamine receptors can only have an excitatory effect on neurons.
Dopamine receptors can only have an excitatory effect on neurons.
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What potential effects can cocaine have on a user's mental state?
What potential effects can cocaine have on a user's mental state?
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Acetylcholine is involved in both __________ and learning.
Acetylcholine is involved in both __________ and learning.
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Which type of receptor do endogenous cannabinoids primarily act on in the brain?
Which type of receptor do endogenous cannabinoids primarily act on in the brain?
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Exogenous opioids can decrease pain and enhance pleasure.
Exogenous opioids can decrease pain and enhance pleasure.
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What is the name of the process by which physical stimuli are transformed into signaling within the body?
What is the name of the process by which physical stimuli are transformed into signaling within the body?
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The large molecules in dense core vesicles that are important for pain pathways are known as ______.
The large molecules in dense core vesicles that are important for pain pathways are known as ______.
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Match the following compounds with their descriptions:
Match the following compounds with their descriptions:
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What is a major effect of cannabinoids on the human body?
What is a major effect of cannabinoids on the human body?
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Cannabinoid receptors are only found in the peripheral nervous system.
Cannabinoid receptors are only found in the peripheral nervous system.
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What is the term for the process of converting environmental energy into cellular signaling?
What is the term for the process of converting environmental energy into cellular signaling?
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Photons are units of energy that are released when something expels ______.
Photons are units of energy that are released when something expels ______.
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Which action is most likely to increase the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
Which action is most likely to increase the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
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Which pathway is specifically involved in recognizing faces?
Which pathway is specifically involved in recognizing faces?
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Akinetopsia is the inability to recognize faces.
Akinetopsia is the inability to recognize faces.
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What role does the 'What' pathway play in object recognition?
What role does the 'What' pathway play in object recognition?
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The process of converting light into neural signals involves __________, which are specialized light-sensitive proteins.
The process of converting light into neural signals involves __________, which are specialized light-sensitive proteins.
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Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
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What is the primary role of voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons?
What is the primary role of voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons?
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The absolute refractory period occurs when sodium channels are activated and remain open.
The absolute refractory period occurs when sodium channels are activated and remain open.
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What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory connections in the brain?
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with excitatory connections in the brain?
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During feedback inhibition, circuits give rise to __________.
During feedback inhibition, circuits give rise to __________.
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Which of the following best describes the function of lateral inhibition?
Which of the following best describes the function of lateral inhibition?
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Match the neurotransmitter to its type:
Match the neurotransmitter to its type:
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Cones in the retina are responsible for detecting motion.
Cones in the retina are responsible for detecting motion.
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What type of information processing occurs in the retina?
What type of information processing occurs in the retina?
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The __________ is responsible for signaling the brain about the spatial location of objects in the environment.
The __________ is responsible for signaling the brain about the spatial location of objects in the environment.
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How do potassium channels behave during the reflective refractory period?
How do potassium channels behave during the reflective refractory period?
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Study Notes
Mechanisms and Levels of Analysis
- A mechanism is a description of a system's behavior built from a description of the actions and interactions of the system's parts.
- Behaviors can be observed in systems like watches, limbs moving, and stock markets.
- Systems not just objects consist of parts: brokers, consumers, and algorithms making trades.
Mechanism of Mind
- Concrete analysis starts with concrete phenomena.
- Example: moths flying to light.
- Brain cells interacting and forming networks are a part of this mechanism.
- The sense of light, the signal of direction, and the movement are crucial steps in the process.
Sensorimotor Behaviors
- Sensorimotor behaviors involve senses, actions, reward, emotions, and memory. These behaviors require understanding how brain cells interact and how information is transformed.
- Behaviors require interactions between brain cells.
- Two ways to analyze behaviors: the interactions between parts (brain cells) and the transformations of information.
Nervous System Overview (Lecture 2)
- The nervous system is made up of the CNS and PNS.
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS includes nerves and the autonomous nervous system.
Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons transmit signals to each other and organs.
- Glia cells provide support and structural integrity for neurons, like astrocytes and microglia.
Nervous System Directions
- Planes: coronal, sagittal, and horizontal.
- Axes: anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medial-lateral.
Mechanisms of Behavior (Lecture 1 summary)
- Mechanisms are descriptions of a system's behavior built from actions and interactions of the parts, with information integration.
Nervous System (Summary of Lecture)
- Focuses on the CNS and PNS.
- Breaks down organization into anatomical planes and axes.
- Details organization principles.
Basis of Neurons and Glia
- The basic parts of a neuron are the dendrites, soma, axon hillock, axon, and axon terminals.
- Glial cells include astrocytes (support), oligodendrocytes (insulation in CNS), Schwann cells (insulation in PNS), and microglia (immune response).
Molecules and Electricity in Neurons
- Atoms have electrical charges; electricity is the movement of these charges.
- Water and lipids are important membrane components.
- Ions are important for generating electrical signals in cells.
Membrane Potential
- The membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge across the neuronal membrane.
- Ions contribute differently to the membrane potential based on their concentration gradients and permeability.
- Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions have significant impacts on membrane potentials.
Ion Channels
- Ion channels open and close to allow specific ions across the membrane, which is critical for neurons functioning.
- Ion channels can be ligand-gated or voltage-gated.
Action Potentials
- Action potentials are rapid changes in the membrane potential that allow the signal to travel down the axon.
- They involve depolarization and repolarization through voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels.
Neuron Communication
- Information is transferred in the form of action potentials and neurotransmitters.
- The neuron releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.
- Neurotransmitters can have excitatory/inhibitory effects on other neurons depending on the receptor.
Synaptic Integration
- EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) move the neuron closer to the threshold.
- IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) move the neuron further away from the threshold.
- At the axon hillock, EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated to determine whether or not an action potential will be triggered.
- Signals from many neurons are integrated at the axon hillock.
Neuron Circuits
- Axons, dendrites, and junctions form circuits of interconnected neurons in the brain.
- These connections allow for complex computations in the brain.
- The signals flow between neurons as action potentials and neurotransmitters.
Different Types of Neuron Signals
- Signals may be excitatory or inhibitory.
- Excitatory signals bring the neuron closer to the action threshold.
- Inhibitory signals move the neuron further from the action potential threshold..
Types of Signals pt 2 & 3 (Lecture)
- Direct: ligand-gated channels
- Indirect: G-protein coupled receptors
- Different neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin).
Reward Learning
- Pavlovian conditioning: associating a neutral stimulus with a rewarding stimulus to elicit a response to the neutral stimulus.
- Operant conditioning: associating a behavior with a rewarding or punishing stimulus to increase/decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
Neural Circuits - Examples (Lectures)
- The stretch reflex: sensory input triggers motor output.
- Oscillating circuits: generate rhythmic behaviors (e.g., breathing).
- Lateral Inhibition: allows greater contrast in sensory information.
Nervous System Organization
- Hierarchical organization
- Sensory → action ("reflex arcs")
- Viscero-sensory → visceral control.
Vision (Lecture)
- Sensory reception (retina)
- Integration (horizontal and amacrine cells)
- Action potentials
- Lateral inhibition
- Information processing (thalamus and cortical areas).
Neural Pathways (Lectures)
- Central nervous system pathways
- Sensory and motor pathways in detail in various parts of brain
- Details involved in information transmission.
Social Communication (Lecture)
- Language (symbolic communication)
- Pheromones
- Sensory modalities
Social Reward
- Motivation for mating and interactions
- The importance of oxytocin and vasopressin
- Social roles (e.g., dominance hierarchies)
Brain Regions Dealing with Emotions and Responses to Threat
- Amygdala
- Medial prefrontal cortex
- Ventral pallidum
- Hypothalamus
Memory (Lecture)
- Hippocampus for making new memories.
- Consolidation, encoding, and retrieval of memories.
- Different types of memory: episodic, semantic, and perceptual.
Sleep (Lecture)
- Circadian rhythms and their role.
- Sleep stages
- Role of sleep in memory consolidation and other functions.
Stress (Lecture)
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- Acute and chronic stress responses (hormonal and physiological)
- The importance of homeostasis
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Description
Test your knowledge on the primary roles of different cells and neurotransmitters in the nervous system. This quiz covers topics such as astrocytes, axon hillock functions, and the impact of dopamine and acetylcholine on behavior. Perfect for students studying neurobiology or psychology.
