Neuroanatomy Quiz Week 5
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'dorsal' refer to in the context of brain anatomy?

  • Top surface of the brain (correct)
  • Bottom surface of the brain
  • Front of the head
  • Toward the back of the head

    • Which layer of the meninges is the thick outer layer that surrounds the brain?

  • Dura mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid membrane

    • What is the function of efferent axons in the nervous system?

  • Transmit information away from an area (correct)
  • Facilitate communication between neurons
  • Connect different regions within the brain
  • Carry incoming information towards an area

    • What type of brain matter primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as the collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the frontal lobe in the brain?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain regions is primarily responsible for planning and decision-making?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

    <p>Provides necessary molecules to neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human brain has more association cortex than smaller mammal brains. What is the primary function of the association cortex?

    <p>Integration of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature of the brain's surface is characterized by ridges?

    <p>Gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an organism evaluating its environment?

    <p>To achieve goals related to survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of information does the brain process to execute a behavior?

    <p>Sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes voluntary movements from involuntary movements?

    <p>Voluntary movements are initiated by the brain, while involuntary movements are automatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neurons play in the nervous system according to the goals of the second unit?

    <p>They link together to form circuits that allow for interaction with the outside world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system will be primarily focused on in weeks 5 and 6 of the course?

    <p>The visual system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the brain serve in relation to neurons?

    <p>It facilitates communication between neurons through chemical and electrical signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurons function together in the brain?

    <p>They form circuits to process information and respond to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question is presented regarding the understanding of the brain?

    <p>How do neurons link together to form circuits?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of tutoring is highlighted in relation to the brain's neuroanatomy?

    <p>Attending structured sessions focused on sheep brain neuroanatomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common misconception about the brain's function might someone have?

    <p>The brain serves no biological purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which topics will be discussed during the lectures in week 5?

    <p>Visual System Basics and Overview of the Eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the availability time for Quiz 4 on Canvas?

    <p>Available from 5pm on Wednesday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of attending ULA sessions according to the provided information?

    <p>To learn about sheep brain neuroanatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about accessing exam grades is true?

    <p>Students can review what they got wrong during TA office hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What times are the structured tutoring sessions scheduled for in week 5?

    <p>On specific days with fixed time slots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to sodium channels in rod cells when light is detected?

    <p>Sodium channels close.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the release of glutamate change in rod cells when light is present?

    <p>Glutamate release decreases or ceases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pigment do cone cells utilize for phototransduction?

    <p>Opsins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an individual with tetrachromacy?

    <p>They have enhanced color distinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of darkness on sodium channels in rod cells?

    <p>Sodium channels open, leading to cell depolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the brainstem?

    <p>Midbrain, pons, medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily produced by the locus coeruleus?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the reticular formation serve within the brainstem?

    <p>Producing modulatory neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hemispheres compose the cerebellum?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the midbrain is responsible for producing dopamine related to movement initiation?

    <p>Substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the different colors we perceive in light?

    <p>The specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the visual system is primarily responsible for initial processing of visual information?

    <p>The retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique capability of some migratory birds regarding light detection?

    <p>They can perceive UV light and the Earth's magnetic field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the brain's processing play in visual perception?

    <p>It can lead to significant differences in perceived color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of light allows for different species to detect various environmental signals?

    <p>The organization and location of light-sensing organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pathway that includes retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) sending their axons to the superior colliculus?

    <p>Non-conscious visually guided movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the visual processing pathway primarily supports conscious visual perception?

    <p>Retina -&gt; Lateral Geniculate Nucleus -&gt; Visual Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of retinal cell primarily relays visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the visual information in individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex but intact pathways to the superior colliculus?

    <p>They can detect motion and avoid obstacles without conscious visual analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bipolar cells in the visual pathway?

    <p>They connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do retinal ganglion cells play in visual processing?

    <p>They relay information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual system?

    <p>To transmit visual input from the retina to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bipolar cells in the retina?

    <p>They connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) primarily do with visual information?

    <p>It separates and organizes visual signals from each eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the optic chiasm contribute to the visual processing pathway?

    <p>It allows for partial crossing of visual information between eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of visual information are sorted in the layers of the LGN?

    <p>Input based on eyes and categorized into 'what' or 'where' processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is carried by the left optic tract?

    <p>Visual information related solely to the right visual hemifield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of retinal ganglion cells in visual perception?

    <p>To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the optic nerve in the visual pathway?

    <p>It connects the retinal ganglion cells to the optic chiasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?

    <p>To connect photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the visual pathway first relays signals from the retina to the primary visual cortex?

    <p>Lateral geniculate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs after the signals from retinal ganglion cells exit the eye?

    <p>They travel through the optic tract to contact thalamic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

    <p>Converting light into neural impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the visual pathway, which cells are primarily responsible for transmitting the first signals to the brain?

    <p>Retinal ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of photoreceptors in the visual system?

    <p>To convert light into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the relationship between bipolar cells and the visual system?

    <p>Bipolar cells relay signals from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visual information from the left visual field is processed primarily by which part of the brain?

    <p>Medial part of the right visual cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the sensation of smell in humans?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor cells are responsible for detecting odorants?

    <p>Olfactory receptor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when odorants bind to olfactory receptors?

    <p>G-protein cascade activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the mucus layer play in olfactory transduction?

    <p>It facilitates the binding of odorants to receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure processes olfactory information before sending it to the brain?

    <p>Olfactory bulb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do olfactory receptor neurons communicate odor information to the brain?

    <p>Via the olfactory nerve bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human brain is devoted to processing olfactory information?

    <p>0.01%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlea within the inner ear?

    <p>To convert fluid movement into neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear is directly influenced by the movement of the stapes?

    <p>Oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hair cells in the inner ear?

    <p>To transduce fluid movement into neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do stereocilia function in the process of hearing?

    <p>They bend in response to fluid movement, initiating neural signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the basilar membrane is correct?

    <p>It contains hair cells that are essential for sound transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when the stereocilia of hair cells are physically bent?

    <p>Potassium channels open, allowing K+ ions to enter the cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion channel is primarily involved in the auditory transduction process in hair cells?

    <p>Mechanically-gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of potassium influx in hair cells after they depolarize?

    <p>Release of glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about endolymph in the context of hair cells?

    <p>It has an unusually high concentration of K+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of mechanical movement in the auditory system?

    <p>It leads to the opening of mechanically-gated potassium channels in hair cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sound waves influence the inner ear's structure during auditory transduction?

    <p>They generate pressure waves that move the basilar membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in the sensation of touch within the skin?

    <p>Mechanically-gated channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of spiral ganglion neurons in the auditory pathway?

    <p>They receive glutamate from hair cells and send auditory signals to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property distinguishes mechanically-gated channels from other types of ion channels?

    <p>They activate due to physical deformation of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory systems in mammals?

    <p>To optimize survival and reproduction through behavior guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are primarily involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movement?

    <p>Association cortex and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the brain does high-level decision-making and overall goal encoding primarily occur?

    <p>Association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the primary motor cortex in motor control?

    <p>Organizing specific body movements and sending commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common function of mirror neurons in the context of skill learning?

    <p>Enabling observation-based learning through imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the brain during the refinement of motor learning?

    <p>Only specific neurons necessary for a movement stay active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain area is known for its plasticity and ability to adjust to enable complex movements?

    <p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary misconception about 'muscle memory' in terms of movement skills?

    <p>It refers to the memory stored in muscles themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does damage to body parts affect motor region mapping in the brain?

    <p>The areas of the brain controlling the damaged part can re-map to neighboring areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the early stages of motor learning?

    <p>A wide range of muscle groups perform various motions initially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is synaptic plasticity in the context of motor learning?

    <p>The ability of synapses to change in strength as learning progresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the brain is involved in developing control over complex movements outside the motor cortex?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main role does the cerebellum play in motor control?

    <p>Making movements smooth and coordinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions form the motor control loop involved in decision-making for movement?

    <p>Basal ganglia, thalamus, and motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is primarily disrupted by deep brain stimulation in severe cases of motor dysfunction?

    <p>Abnormal neuronal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movements are controlled largely by brainstem nuclei?

    <p>Automatic non-volitional movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes non-volitional movements?

    <p>Movements that occur automatically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of cerebellar damage following a stroke?

    <p>Severe coordination difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily responsible for delivering the motor command to execute movements?

    <p>Primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In deep brain stimulation, where is the stimulating electrode typically implanted?

    <p>In or near the basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement is characterized as automatic and often cannot be overridden?

    <p>Reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the basal ganglia in the context of movement decision-making?

    <p>Filtering and facilitating voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Question to Ponder

    • Why do we have a brain?

    Class Schedule

    • Two in-person lectures (Monday & Wednesday)
    • Read Week 5 readings on Canvas
    • Complete Quiz 4 on Canvas by Sunday at 11:59 PM
    • Quiz available at 5 PM on Wednesday
    • Optional: Attend a ULA session
    • Optional: Participate in Week 5 discussion by Sunday at 11:59 PM
    • TAs can review exam questions, but cannot access exam scores

    Tutoring Sessions

    • Structured sessions (sheep brain neuroanatomy):
      • Thursday, October 31st, 2-3 PM with Leia & Xi (Psych East 3834)
      • Friday, November 1st, 2-3 PM with Uma & Sukari (Psych East 3834)
      • Tuesday, November 5th, 5-6 PM with Joey & Grace (Psych East 3834)
      • Thursday, November 7th, 4-5 PM with Leia & Xi (Psych East 3834)
      • Friday, November 7th, 1-2 PM with Uma & Sukari (Psych East 3834)
      • Friday, November 7th, 2-3 PM with Joey & Grace (Psych East 3834)
    • Drop-in sessions:
      • Monday, October 28th, 5-6 PM with Grace & Uma (Library 4572)
      • Wednesday, October 30th, 5-6 PM with Grace & Sukari (Library 4574)
      • Thursday, October 31st, 12-1 PM with Joey & Leia (Transfer Student Center)
      • Friday, November 1st, 11-12 PM with Xi and Joey (ONDAS Student Center)

    Unit 2 Overview

    • Unit 1: The brain is composed of neurons that communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.
    • Unit 2: How do neurons link together into circuits to allow us to sense and interact with the world?
    • Purpose of a brain: Organisms have goals related to survival and reproduction, therefore they need to evaluate and interact with their environment.
    • Sensing and Moving: Organisms have goals related to survival and reproduction and need to evaluate the environment for survival.
      • Inputs (sensory information) → Brain → Output (behavior)
      • The brain collects, processes information, and then sends commands to the body to interact with the world.  - Sensory input types include: light, sound, touch, self/body, odors, tastes, vision, audition, somatosensation, proprioception, olfaction, and gustation.
    • Goals of Unit 2:
      • Focus on vision in week 5 and 6 as an example of external information processing
      • Explore how signals in the brain lead to body movement to complete tasks in week 7

    Today's Topics

    • 7A: Getting into the brain
    • 7B: Cerebral Cortex
    • 7C: Everything outside the cortex

    Week 5 Takeaways

    • Use anatomical terms to describe the locations of brain regions.
    • Label key regions of the brain, including cortical lobes and subcortical areas.
    • Explain some of the methods used to gain information about what different brain regions contribute to.
    • Describe the components of the brainstem and their roles in brain function and behavior.
    • Identify the regions responsible for creating and releasing modulatory neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine).
    • List the major components of the visual system
    • Describe the overall anatomy of the retina, including cell layers
    • Compare and contrast rods and cones
    • Describe the transduction mechanism for light

    Introduction to Biopsychology Objectives

    • Define key terms for navigating the brain.
    • Describe the three layers of meninges surrounding the brain.

    Anatomical Terms

    • Directional terms:
      • Anterior/Rostral: Towards the front of the head
      • Posterior/Caudal: Towards the back of the head
      • Dorsal: Top surface of the brain
      • Ventral: Bottom surface of the brain
      • Medial: Towards the midline
      • Lateral: Away from the midline
    • Midline: Line running down the middle of the nervous system.
    • Nuclei: Collection of cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS)
    • Ganglion: Collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • Afferent: Incoming axons/information towards an area
    • Efferent: Outgoing axons/information away from an area
    • Contralateral: Opposite side
    • Ipsilateral: Same side
    • Anatomical planes:
      • Frontal/Coronal
      • Sagittal
      • Horizontal

    Types of Matter

    • Visually, brain tissue appears as either gray matter or white matter.
    • Gray matter is mostly made up of neuron cell bodies.
    • White matter is made up of long-range projections (axons) which gives it a white color.
    • White matter's color comes from the fatty myelin.

    Meninges

    • Brains are delicate and need protective layers to deliver oxygen and nutrients without contamination. 
    • Meninges are layers of protective tissue wrapping around the brain.
    • The meninges consist of dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

    Brain Vasculature

    • The brain has an intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygenated blood.
    • The brain uses about 15% of the total cardiac output.
    • Blockage of blood vessels can cause disastrous consequences, like strokes, that result in neuronal death.

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Necessary molecules are pulled from blood vessels (blood-brain barrier) and made available to neurons through CSF.
    • Brain has large caverns (ventricles) filled with CSF.
    • CSF surrounds all cells in the brain.

    Additional Topics

    • Brain Regions:
      • Thalamus: Sensory relay center to the cortex. Receives sensory information and sends it to the appropriate part of the brain. Divided up into different nuclei with specific roles. Ex: lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives visual information. 
      • Hypothalamus: Located under the thalamus, controls the autonomic and endocrine system. Includes the pituitary and regulates survival behaviors such as fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating. 
      • Brainstem: Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla. Responsible for automatic functions, like breathing, heartbeat, and sleep, and produces many modulatory neurotransmitters.
        • Midbrain: Tectum ("roof") which is the dorsal portion; inferior colliculi (auditory system), superior colliculi (visual system, and visual reflexes); and tegmentum ("floor").
        • Pons: Located between the midbrain and medulla; continues reticular formation (sleep/arousal regulation and norepinephrine/serotonin producing neurons), and includes relay nuclei that transmit information from cortex to cerebellum.
        • Medulla: The most caudal portion of the brain that connects to the spinal cord; continues reticular formation (regulating cardiovascular, breathing, and skeletal muscle tone)
        • Cerebellum: a "little brain", composed of two cerebellar hemispheres, densely packed with neurons, and plays a critical role in the motor system; timing information involved in movement patterns, such as walking, playing piano, and shooting a layup.
    • Neurotransmitters: Dopamine and norepinephrine are produced in the midbrain, serotonin by raphe nuclei in the brainstem.
    • Parietal Lobe: Responsible for collecting sensory info including multiple senses (mostly somatosensation). Works with the PFC to evaluate situations and make decisions.
    • Occipital Lobe: Devoted to vision.
    • Temporal Lobe: Contains areas for sensory processing, especially auditory and visual input. Also has medial temporal lobe which contains important regions for long-term memory (including hippocampus and amygdala).
    • Prefrontal Cortex: Planning, decision-making, and emotional control.
    • Phineas Gage: A case study that highlighted the role of the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of sheep brain neuroanatomy with this quiz focused on the Week 5 readings. Prepare by attending the structured tutoring sessions and engage in the discussions for a better grasp of the material. Make sure to complete the quiz by the deadline!

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