Neuroanatomy Quiz Week 5
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'dorsal' refer to in the context of brain anatomy?

  • Top surface of the brain (correct)
  • Bottom surface of the brain
  • Front of the head
  • Toward the back of the head

Which layer of the meninges is the thick outer layer that surrounds the brain?

  • Dura mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
  • Arachnoid membrane

What is the function of efferent axons in the nervous system?

  • Transmit information away from an area (correct)
  • Facilitate communication between neurons
  • Connect different regions within the brain
  • Carry incoming information towards an area

What type of brain matter primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons?

<p>Gray matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the frontal lobe in the brain?

<p>Controlling voluntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain regions is primarily responsible for planning and decision-making?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain?

<p>Provides necessary molecules to neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human brain has more association cortex than smaller mammal brains. What is the primary function of the association cortex?

<p>Integration of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the brain's surface is characterized by ridges?

<p>Gyri (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an organism evaluating its environment?

<p>To achieve goals related to survival and reproduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of information does the brain process to execute a behavior?

<p>Sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes voluntary movements from involuntary movements?

<p>Voluntary movements are initiated by the brain, while involuntary movements are automatic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurons play in the nervous system according to the goals of the second unit?

<p>They link together to form circuits that allow for interaction with the outside world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system will be primarily focused on in weeks 5 and 6 of the course?

<p>The visual system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does the brain serve in relation to neurons?

<p>It facilitates communication between neurons through chemical and electrical signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do neurons function together in the brain?

<p>They form circuits to process information and respond to stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is presented regarding the understanding of the brain?

<p>How do neurons link together to form circuits? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of tutoring is highlighted in relation to the brain's neuroanatomy?

<p>Attending structured sessions focused on sheep brain neuroanatomy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception about the brain's function might someone have?

<p>The brain serves no biological purpose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which topics will be discussed during the lectures in week 5?

<p>Visual System Basics and Overview of the Eye (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the availability time for Quiz 4 on Canvas?

<p>Available from 5pm on Wednesday (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of attending ULA sessions according to the provided information?

<p>To learn about sheep brain neuroanatomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about accessing exam grades is true?

<p>Students can review what they got wrong during TA office hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What times are the structured tutoring sessions scheduled for in week 5?

<p>On specific days with fixed time slots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to sodium channels in rod cells when light is detected?

<p>Sodium channels close. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the release of glutamate change in rod cells when light is present?

<p>Glutamate release decreases or ceases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of pigment do cone cells utilize for phototransduction?

<p>Opsins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an individual with tetrachromacy?

<p>They have enhanced color distinction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of darkness on sodium channels in rod cells?

<p>Sodium channels open, leading to cell depolarization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the brainstem?

<p>Midbrain, pons, medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily produced by the locus coeruleus?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the reticular formation serve within the brainstem?

<p>Producing modulatory neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hemispheres compose the cerebellum?

<p>Two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the midbrain is responsible for producing dopamine related to movement initiation?

<p>Substantia nigra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the different colors we perceive in light?

<p>The specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the visual system is primarily responsible for initial processing of visual information?

<p>The retina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique capability of some migratory birds regarding light detection?

<p>They can perceive UV light and the Earth's magnetic field. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the brain's processing play in visual perception?

<p>It can lead to significant differences in perceived color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of light allows for different species to detect various environmental signals?

<p>The organization and location of light-sensing organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pathway that includes retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) sending their axons to the superior colliculus?

<p>Non-conscious visually guided movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which portion of the visual processing pathway primarily supports conscious visual perception?

<p>Retina -&gt; Lateral Geniculate Nucleus -&gt; Visual Cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of retinal cell primarily relays visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

<p>Ganglion cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the visual information in individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex but intact pathways to the superior colliculus?

<p>They can detect motion and avoid obstacles without conscious visual analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bipolar cells in the visual pathway?

<p>They connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do retinal ganglion cells play in visual processing?

<p>They relay information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual system?

<p>To transmit visual input from the retina to the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bipolar cells in the retina?

<p>They connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) primarily do with visual information?

<p>It separates and organizes visual signals from each eye. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the optic chiasm contribute to the visual processing pathway?

<p>It allows for partial crossing of visual information between eyes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of visual information are sorted in the layers of the LGN?

<p>Input based on eyes and categorized into 'what' or 'where' processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is carried by the left optic tract?

<p>Visual information related solely to the right visual hemifield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of retinal ganglion cells in visual perception?

<p>To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of the optic nerve in the visual pathway?

<p>It connects the retinal ganglion cells to the optic chiasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of bipolar cells in the retina?

<p>To connect photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the visual pathway first relays signals from the retina to the primary visual cortex?

<p>Lateral geniculate nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs after the signals from retinal ganglion cells exit the eye?

<p>They travel through the optic tract to contact thalamic neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

<p>Converting light into neural impulses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the visual pathway, which cells are primarily responsible for transmitting the first signals to the brain?

<p>Retinal ganglion cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of photoreceptors in the visual system?

<p>To convert light into electrical signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the relationship between bipolar cells and the visual system?

<p>Bipolar cells relay signals from photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visual information from the left visual field is processed primarily by which part of the brain?

<p>Medial part of the right visual cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the sensation of smell in humans?

<p>Olfactory epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor cells are responsible for detecting odorants?

<p>Olfactory receptor neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when odorants bind to olfactory receptors?

<p>G-protein cascade activation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mucus layer play in olfactory transduction?

<p>It facilitates the binding of odorants to receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure processes olfactory information before sending it to the brain?

<p>Olfactory bulb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do olfactory receptor neurons communicate odor information to the brain?

<p>Via the olfactory nerve bundles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human brain is devoted to processing olfactory information?

<p>0.01% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cochlea within the inner ear?

<p>To convert fluid movement into neural signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear is directly influenced by the movement of the stapes?

<p>Oval window (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hair cells in the inner ear?

<p>To transduce fluid movement into neural signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stereocilia function in the process of hearing?

<p>They bend in response to fluid movement, initiating neural signals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the basilar membrane is correct?

<p>It contains hair cells that are essential for sound transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the stereocilia of hair cells are physically bent?

<p>Potassium channels open, allowing K+ ions to enter the cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion channel is primarily involved in the auditory transduction process in hair cells?

<p>Mechanically-gated channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of potassium influx in hair cells after they depolarize?

<p>Release of glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about endolymph in the context of hair cells?

<p>It has an unusually high concentration of K+. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of mechanical movement in the auditory system?

<p>It leads to the opening of mechanically-gated potassium channels in hair cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sound waves influence the inner ear's structure during auditory transduction?

<p>They generate pressure waves that move the basilar membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are involved in the sensation of touch within the skin?

<p>Mechanically-gated channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of spiral ganglion neurons in the auditory pathway?

<p>They receive glutamate from hair cells and send auditory signals to the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property distinguishes mechanically-gated channels from other types of ion channels?

<p>They activate due to physical deformation of the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sensory systems in mammals?

<p>To optimize survival and reproduction through behavior guidance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions are primarily involved in the planning and execution of voluntary movement?

<p>Association cortex and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the brain does high-level decision-making and overall goal encoding primarily occur?

<p>Association cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the primary motor cortex in motor control?

<p>Organizing specific body movements and sending commands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of mirror neurons in the context of skill learning?

<p>Enabling observation-based learning through imitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the brain during the refinement of motor learning?

<p>Only specific neurons necessary for a movement stay active. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is known for its plasticity and ability to adjust to enable complex movements?

<p>Motor cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary misconception about 'muscle memory' in terms of movement skills?

<p>It refers to the memory stored in muscles themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does damage to body parts affect motor region mapping in the brain?

<p>The areas of the brain controlling the damaged part can re-map to neighboring areas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the early stages of motor learning?

<p>A wide range of muscle groups perform various motions initially. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is synaptic plasticity in the context of motor learning?

<p>The ability of synapses to change in strength as learning progresses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area in the brain is involved in developing control over complex movements outside the motor cortex?

<p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main role does the cerebellum play in motor control?

<p>Making movements smooth and coordinated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain regions form the motor control loop involved in decision-making for movement?

<p>Basal ganglia, thalamus, and motor cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is primarily disrupted by deep brain stimulation in severe cases of motor dysfunction?

<p>Abnormal neuronal activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movements are controlled largely by brainstem nuclei?

<p>Automatic non-volitional movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non-volitional movements?

<p>Movements that occur automatically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of cerebellar damage following a stroke?

<p>Severe coordination difficulties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily responsible for delivering the motor command to execute movements?

<p>Primary motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In deep brain stimulation, where is the stimulating electrode typically implanted?

<p>In or near the basal ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement is characterized as automatic and often cannot be overridden?

<p>Reflexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal ganglia in the context of movement decision-making?

<p>Filtering and facilitating voluntary movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Brain Function

The brain allows us to sense and interact with the outside world through neuron circuits.

Neuron Communication

Neurons communicate with each other using a combination of chemical and electrical signals.

Brain Structure

The brain is made up of neurons that connect to form circuits.

Purpose of the Brain

The brain enables us to sense, process information, and interact with our environment.

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Neuron Circuits

Neural pathways that allow the brain to receive data, process it, and respond effectively.

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Sensory Information

Information gathered from the environment through sensory receptors.

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Brain's Role in Interaction

The brain processes sensory information and sends commands for actions.

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Sensory Input Types

Sensory information comes in various forms like light, sound, touch, taste, smell, internal states.

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Neural Circuits

How neurons connect to enable sensing and interacting with the environment.

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Brain Function - Goals

The brain helps an organism survive and reproduce by processing the environment.

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Anterior/Rostral

Anatomical direction towards the front (nose) of the head.

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Posterior/Caudal

Anatomical direction towards the back of the head.

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Meninges

Protective layers surrounding the brain: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

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Gray Matter

Brain tissue primarily containing neuron cell bodies.

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White Matter

Brain tissue primarily containing long-range axon projections.

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Brain Vasculature

Complex network of blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain, using a significant portion of the heart's output.

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Stroke

A medical emergency caused by a blocked or damaged blood vessel in the brain, leading to potential neuronal damage.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid that surrounds and cushions brain cells, facilitating the delivery of necessary molecules from the blood to neurons.

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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the brain, highly wrinkled, divided into four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) with various functions.

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Frontal Lobe

Brain lobe responsible for voluntary movement planning, decision-making, and emotional control. Contains the prefrontal cortex.

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Week 5 Topics

Topics covered in Week 5 of PSY106, including everything but the Cortex (continued), Visual System Basics, the Eye, Rods and Cones.

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Quiz 4 Deadline

Sunday at 11:59pm

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ULA Sessions

Optional tutoring sessions led by undergraduate learning assistants (ULAs).

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Week 5 Lectures

Two in-person lectures scheduled for Week 5, for PSY106.

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Exam Review

TA office hours are available to review exam questions/issues.

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Photoreceptor Light Response

In the dark, photoreceptors are depolarized and release glutamate. When light hits photopigments, photoreceptors hyperpolarize and reduce glutamate release.

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Rods

Photoreceptors specialized for low-light vision, using rhodopsin as photopigment

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Cones

Photoreceptors specialized for color vision, using three types of opsins.

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Color Blindness

A condition resulting from a malfunction in one or more cone types. Often men.

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Tetrachromacy

A rare condition where individuals have an additional functional cone type, allowing for a wider range of color perception.

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Brainstem Components

The brainstem comprises the midbrain, pons, and medulla, controlling vital functions like breathing and heartbeat.

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Midbrain Tectum

The dorsal (top) part of the midbrain, processing visual and auditory information.

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Substantia Nigra (SN)

A midbrain structure producing dopamine, crucial for initiating movement.

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Cerebellum Function

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture.

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Dopamine Production

Dopamine is made in the midbrain's substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA), influencing movement and reward.

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Electromagnetic Radiation in Vision

Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that our eyes detect.

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Visible Light Wavelengths

Our eyes detect light waves between 400 and 700 nanometers.

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Eye's Light-Sensing Process

Incoming light affects neurons in our retina, leading to our perception of images.

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Evolutionary Adaptation in the Eyes

Vision systems are tailored to be sensitive to the important features of the environment.

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Different Species - Different Vision

Animals can see different ranges of wavelengths. Some see UV light, while others detect magnetic fields.

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Right Visual Hemifield

The right half of the visual field, seen by both eyes.

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Optic Chiasm

The point where some optic nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain.

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Optic Tract

The bundle of axons carrying visual information from the optic chiasm to the thalamus.

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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

A thalamus region that sorts and processes visual information before sending it to the visual cortex.

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Binocular Zone

The area where both eyes see the same part of the visual field.

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Nasal Retina

Part of the retina that is closer to the nose.

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Temporal Retina

Part of the retina that is closer to the temples.

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Blindsight

A phenomenon where individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex can react to visual stimuli unconsciously, even though they cannot consciously perceive them.

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Retinotectal Pathway

The pathway that transmits visual information from the retina to the superior colliculus in the midbrain, allowing for rapid, non-conscious visual responses such as eye movements.

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Retinal Ganglion Cells

Neurons in the retina that relay visual information from the eye.

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Superior Colliculus (optic tectum)

Midbrain structure that receives visual input; important for eye and head movements.

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LGN (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus)

A structure in the thalamus that relays visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

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Right visual cortex lateral part damage

Damaging the lateral part of the right visual cortex eliminates visual information from the left visual hemifield.

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Visual Pathway steps

Light patterns on photoreceptors, signals through bipolar cells to retinal ganglion cells, then optic tracts carrying signals to the thalamus, finally to the primary visual cortex.

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Photoreceptors

Light-sensitive cells in the retina, including rods and cones.

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Retinal Ganglion Cells

Neurons in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve.

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Optic Tract

Axons of retinal ganglion cells that carry visual information to the brain.

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Visual Cortex

Parts of the brain that process visual information.

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Medial vs. Lateral

Medial is closer to the middle, lateral is closer to the sides of the brain.

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Right visual hemifield

The right visual field, seen by the right eye and the left eye.

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Left visual hemifield

The left visual field, processed in the right hemisphere of the visual brain.

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Visual Cortex Organization

Visual information from the right visual field goes to the left visual cortex, and from the left visual field goes to the right visual cortex.

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Cochlear implant stimulation target (damaged hair cells)

Cochlear implants, when inner hair cells are damaged, directly stimulate spiral ganglion neurons.

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Olfactory receptor cells

Neurons in the olfactory epithelium that detect odorants in the air.

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Olfactory epithelium

Mucus layer in the nose where odorants are detected by olfactory receptor cells.

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Odorants

Airborne chemicals that trigger the sense of smell by binding to receptor cells.

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Chemical transduction (smell)

The process where odorants activate olfactory receptors, initiating signals in the nervous system.

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Spiral ganglion neurons

Sensory neurons in the cochlea which transmit sound information to the brain (Part of the auditory nerve).

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Olfactory nerve

Bundle of axons that transmit smell information from olfactory receptor neurons to the brain.

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Inner Ear Structure

Fluid-filled, multi-chambered spiral containing the basilar membrane, which is covered by hair cells (neurons) that respond to fluid movement.

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Basilar Membrane

A strip of tissue in the cochlea that vibrates in response to fluid movement, activating hair cells.

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Hair Cells

Neurons in the Organ of Corti that have stereocilia that move in response to basilar membrane vibrations, converting mechanical energy to neural signals.

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Stereocilia

Protrusions on hair cells that are physically moved by the basilar membrane vibrations in the cochlea.

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Transduction Mechanism (Sound)

The process where physical movement (sound waves) of stereocilia on hair cells converts to neural signals.

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Hair Cell Transduction

Bending stereocilia opens K+ channels, causing depolarization and glutamate release.

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Mechanically-gated Channels

Channels that open due to physical movement of the cell.

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Auditory Transduction

The process of converting sound waves into electrical signals in the inner ear.

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Stereocilia Movement

Movement of hair cell projections that triggers electrical changes.

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Potassium Influx

Potassium ions flowing into hair cells due to a strong inward driving force.

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Depolarization of Hair Cells

The inside of the hair cell becomes more positive due to the K+ Influx.

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Glutamate Release

Neurotransmitter released by depolarized hair cells to communicate with neurons.

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Cochlea

Fluid-filled part of the inner ear that converts sound into signals.

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Basilar Membrane

Wiggles within the cochlea, causing stereocilia movement.

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Gated Ion Channels

Channels that open in response to specific stimuli (voltage, ligand, or mechanic).

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Motor Learning

The process of learning new movements; involves refining movements and selecting effective motor plans.

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Synaptic Plasticity

Changes in the strength of connections between neurons (synapses).

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Motor Cortex Plasticity

The motor cortex's ability to quickly change the strength of its connections to allow for new movements.

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Muscle Memory

The ability to perform a motor skill automatically after practice.

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Initial Movements

In learning a new skill, initial movements are often inefficient and large.

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Refinement Over Time

The process that improves motor skills through practice, and selection of efficient motor plans.

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Regional Level Refinement

The process where a new skill is learned by the brain using fewer areas during practice.

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Goals of Motor Systems

Explain the components of motor systems, decision-making regions, and voluntary movement.

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Motor Hierarchy

Different brain regions work together in a specific order to control a movement.

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Association Cortex

Brain area (parietal & frontal lobes) involved in high-level decision-making for action.

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Motor Planning

The brain's process of organizing and preparing a movement.

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Primary Motor Cortex

Brain region that sends signals to muscles for physical movement.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

A protective barrier that filters substances entering the brain from the bloodstream, preventing potentially harmful substances from entering.

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Levodopa

A medication used to treat Parkinson's disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

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Deep Brain Stimulation

A surgical procedure where electrodes are implanted in the brain to stimulate specific areas, often to treat severe motor disorders.

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Basal Ganglia

A group of structures deep within the brain involved in motor control.

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Motor Control Loop

A neural pathway involving basal ganglia, thalamus, and motor cortex, crucial for generating and controlling movements.

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Cerebellum

Brain region involved in precise coordination of movement, balance, and posture.

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Non-volitional Movement

Automatic or involuntary movements like heartbeat, blinking, and breathing.

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Reflexes

Rapid, involuntary movements triggered by stimuli, like pulling your hand away from a hot stove.

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Primary Motor Cortex

Brain area responsible for initiating voluntary movements.

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Thalamus

Relay station for sensory and motor signals in the brain.

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Study Notes

Question to Ponder

  • Why do we have a brain?

Class Schedule

  • Two in-person lectures (Monday & Wednesday)
  • Read Week 5 readings on Canvas
  • Complete Quiz 4 on Canvas by Sunday at 11:59 PM
  • Quiz available at 5 PM on Wednesday
  • Optional: Attend a ULA session
  • Optional: Participate in Week 5 discussion by Sunday at 11:59 PM
  • TAs can review exam questions, but cannot access exam scores

Tutoring Sessions

  • Structured sessions (sheep brain neuroanatomy):
    • Thursday, October 31st, 2-3 PM with Leia & Xi (Psych East 3834)
    • Friday, November 1st, 2-3 PM with Uma & Sukari (Psych East 3834)
    • Tuesday, November 5th, 5-6 PM with Joey & Grace (Psych East 3834)
    • Thursday, November 7th, 4-5 PM with Leia & Xi (Psych East 3834)
    • Friday, November 7th, 1-2 PM with Uma & Sukari (Psych East 3834)
    • Friday, November 7th, 2-3 PM with Joey & Grace (Psych East 3834)
  • Drop-in sessions:
    • Monday, October 28th, 5-6 PM with Grace & Uma (Library 4572)
    • Wednesday, October 30th, 5-6 PM with Grace & Sukari (Library 4574)
    • Thursday, October 31st, 12-1 PM with Joey & Leia (Transfer Student Center)
    • Friday, November 1st, 11-12 PM with Xi and Joey (ONDAS Student Center)

Unit 2 Overview

  • Unit 1: The brain is composed of neurons that communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals.
  • Unit 2: How do neurons link together into circuits to allow us to sense and interact with the world?
  • Purpose of a brain: Organisms have goals related to survival and reproduction, therefore they need to evaluate and interact with their environment.
  • Sensing and Moving: Organisms have goals related to survival and reproduction and need to evaluate the environment for survival.
    • Inputs (sensory information) → Brain → Output (behavior)
    • The brain collects, processes information, and then sends commands to the body to interact with the world.  - Sensory input types include: light, sound, touch, self/body, odors, tastes, vision, audition, somatosensation, proprioception, olfaction, and gustation.
  • Goals of Unit 2:
    • Focus on vision in week 5 and 6 as an example of external information processing
    • Explore how signals in the brain lead to body movement to complete tasks in week 7

Today's Topics

  • 7A: Getting into the brain
  • 7B: Cerebral Cortex
  • 7C: Everything outside the cortex

Week 5 Takeaways

  • Use anatomical terms to describe the locations of brain regions.
  • Label key regions of the brain, including cortical lobes and subcortical areas.
  • Explain some of the methods used to gain information about what different brain regions contribute to.
  • Describe the components of the brainstem and their roles in brain function and behavior.
  • Identify the regions responsible for creating and releasing modulatory neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine).
  • List the major components of the visual system
  • Describe the overall anatomy of the retina, including cell layers
  • Compare and contrast rods and cones
  • Describe the transduction mechanism for light

Introduction to Biopsychology Objectives

  • Define key terms for navigating the brain.
  • Describe the three layers of meninges surrounding the brain.

Anatomical Terms

  • Directional terms:
    • Anterior/Rostral: Towards the front of the head
    • Posterior/Caudal: Towards the back of the head
    • Dorsal: Top surface of the brain
    • Ventral: Bottom surface of the brain
    • Medial: Towards the midline
    • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Midline: Line running down the middle of the nervous system.
  • Nuclei: Collection of cell bodies in the central nervous system (CNS)
  • Ganglion: Collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • Afferent: Incoming axons/information towards an area
  • Efferent: Outgoing axons/information away from an area
  • Contralateral: Opposite side
  • Ipsilateral: Same side
  • Anatomical planes:
    • Frontal/Coronal
    • Sagittal
    • Horizontal

Types of Matter

  • Visually, brain tissue appears as either gray matter or white matter.
  • Gray matter is mostly made up of neuron cell bodies.
  • White matter is made up of long-range projections (axons) which gives it a white color.
  • White matter's color comes from the fatty myelin.

Meninges

  • Brains are delicate and need protective layers to deliver oxygen and nutrients without contamination. 
  • Meninges are layers of protective tissue wrapping around the brain.
  • The meninges consist of dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

Brain Vasculature

  • The brain has an intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygenated blood.
  • The brain uses about 15% of the total cardiac output.
  • Blockage of blood vessels can cause disastrous consequences, like strokes, that result in neuronal death.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

  • Necessary molecules are pulled from blood vessels (blood-brain barrier) and made available to neurons through CSF.
  • Brain has large caverns (ventricles) filled with CSF.
  • CSF surrounds all cells in the brain.

Additional Topics

  • Brain Regions:
    • Thalamus: Sensory relay center to the cortex. Receives sensory information and sends it to the appropriate part of the brain. Divided up into different nuclei with specific roles. Ex: lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives visual information. 
    • Hypothalamus: Located under the thalamus, controls the autonomic and endocrine system. Includes the pituitary and regulates survival behaviors such as fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating. 
    • Brainstem: Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla. Responsible for automatic functions, like breathing, heartbeat, and sleep, and produces many modulatory neurotransmitters.
      • Midbrain: Tectum ("roof") which is the dorsal portion; inferior colliculi (auditory system), superior colliculi (visual system, and visual reflexes); and tegmentum ("floor").
      • Pons: Located between the midbrain and medulla; continues reticular formation (sleep/arousal regulation and norepinephrine/serotonin producing neurons), and includes relay nuclei that transmit information from cortex to cerebellum.
      • Medulla: The most caudal portion of the brain that connects to the spinal cord; continues reticular formation (regulating cardiovascular, breathing, and skeletal muscle tone)
      • Cerebellum: a "little brain", composed of two cerebellar hemispheres, densely packed with neurons, and plays a critical role in the motor system; timing information involved in movement patterns, such as walking, playing piano, and shooting a layup.
  • Neurotransmitters: Dopamine and norepinephrine are produced in the midbrain, serotonin by raphe nuclei in the brainstem.
  • Parietal Lobe: Responsible for collecting sensory info including multiple senses (mostly somatosensation). Works with the PFC to evaluate situations and make decisions.
  • Occipital Lobe: Devoted to vision.
  • Temporal Lobe: Contains areas for sensory processing, especially auditory and visual input. Also has medial temporal lobe which contains important regions for long-term memory (including hippocampus and amygdala).
  • Prefrontal Cortex: Planning, decision-making, and emotional control.
  • Phineas Gage: A case study that highlighted the role of the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex.

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Description

Test your understanding of sheep brain neuroanatomy with this quiz focused on the Week 5 readings. Prepare by attending the structured tutoring sessions and engage in the discussions for a better grasp of the material. Make sure to complete the quiz by the deadline!

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