Week 15: Neuro, Eye, Sleep

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Questions and Answers

What type of therapy is commonly used to treat insomnia?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)

What is the mechanism of action of orexin-receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia?

They decrease the activity of orexin, a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness.

What is the primary goal of sleep hygiene education?

To establish a consistent sleep schedule and bedtime routine

What is the primary benefit of melatonin-receptor agonists in the treatment of insomnia?

They are effective in treating jet lag and shift work sleep disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of obstructive sleep apnea?

A sleep disorder characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of sleep?

A state in which a person lacks conscious awareness of environmental surroundings but can be easily aroused Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 24-hour biologic rhythm fluctuations regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus?

Circadian rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of sleep time characterized by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

20% to 25% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by slow eye movements, decreased heart rate, and decreased body temperature?

N2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by delta waves and deep, slow-wave sleep?

N3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of polysomnography (PSG) in sleep disorders?

To record brain activity, eye movements, and muscle tone during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for chronic sleep disorders characterized by difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep for greater than 3 months?

Chronic insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the patient's pharyngeal airway to close during sleep?

The relaxation of the pharyngeal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

It splints the airway open, preventing airflow obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is a common manifestation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

Insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the patient?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How can a patient's partner be affected by his Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

They may be concerned about his cessation of breathing during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of excessive daytime sleepiness due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What assessment data would you obtain on this patient based on potential complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What patient position is recommended for a patient with mild sleep apnea?

Sleeping on one's side Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern for hospitalized patients with OSA?

Cautious use of narcotics and sedatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy?

To reduce apnea/hypopnea events Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) surgery?

To widen the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with surgical treatment of sleep apnea?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of sleep patterns in older adults?

More awakenings and shorter total sleep time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT recommended for sleep disturbances in older adults?

Diphenhydramine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common circadian rhythm disorder?

Jet lag disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical conditions can affect sleep quality in older adults?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to managing sleep disturbances in older adults?

Avoiding long-acting benzodiazepines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vision loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma?

Blockage of outflow channels of the eye Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of cataracts?

Aging process Signup and view all the answers

What is the only cure for cataracts?

Surgery to remove the cataract Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the third leading cause of preventable blindness in the US?

Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the type of cataract caused by altered metabolic processes?

Senile cataract Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of tonometry measurements?

To measure the intraocular pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of laser peripheral iridotomy?

To create a new opening in the iris to outflow channels Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency of eye exams for people aged 55-64?

Every 1-3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mydriatic eye drops in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

To produce pupillary dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of phacoemulsification over extracapsular cataract extraction?

It requires no sutures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing assessment in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

To assess patient's ability to understand and comply with treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary expected goal of nursing planning in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

To prevent postoperative complications Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

To reduce inflammation and prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

Match the following medications with their corresponding effects in cataract surgery:

NSAID eye drops = Reduce inflammation and edema Mydriatic eye drops = Produce pupillary dilation Cycloplegics = Paralyze accommodation and produce mydriasis Antibiotics = Prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

During the preoperative phase of cataract surgery, NSAID eye drops are used to produce pupillary dilation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neurological conditions with their corresponding characteristics:

Essential tremors = Involuntary rhythmic movements of a body part Aphasia = Difficulty with language reception or expression Dyskinesias = Involuntary movements of a body part Dysarthria = Difficulty with speech articulation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neurological terms with their corresponding descriptions:

Hallucinations = Perception of a stimulus that is not present Delusions = False beliefs or perceptions Akathisia = Restlessness or agitation Fasiculation = Twitching or rippling of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the PERRLA assessment in a health assessment class?

It evaluates the patient's pupillary reaction to light Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Romberg test in a health assessment class?

To assess a patient's balance and proprioception Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Aldrete Scale in a postoperative recovery class?

To assess a patient's postoperative recovery status Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hallucinations and delusions?

Hallucinations are a perception of a stimulus that is not present, while delusions are a false belief about something Signup and view all the answers

Match the level of consciousness with their definition.

Lethargic = Slow response to voice, sleepy, but appropriate spontaneous activity and purposeful movement Obtunded = Responds to touch more than voice, decreased spontaneous activity, purposeful movement Stuporous = Responds to pain only, no spontaneous activity Semi-coma = Responds inconsistently to painful stimulus, purposeful movement varies Signup and view all the answers

Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, a total score of 8 or less will need intubation.

True Signup and view all the answers

Somatic Nervous System regulates involuntary movements.

False Signup and view all the answers

What regulates involuntary movements?

Autonomic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neuro

Brain Regions:

Cerebrum: divided into two hemispheres (left and right), responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and managing higher-level cognitive functions
Cerebellum: coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture, and learns new motor skills
Brainstem: connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, regulates basic functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

Neurotransmitters:

Acetylcholine: involved in muscle contraction, memory formation, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system
Dopamine: plays a role in motivation, reward, and movement control
Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, and sleep

Eye

Eye Structure:

Cornea: transparent outer layer
Iris: colored part of the eye, controls light entry
Lens: changes shape to focus light
Retina: innermost layer, converts light into electrical signals

Vision Process:

Light enters the eye through the cornea
Light is focused by the lens onto the retina
Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals
Signals are transmitted to the optic nerve and then to the brain for processing

Sleep

Sleep Stages:

Stage 1: transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by slow eye movements and decreased muscle activity
Stage 2: light sleep, body temperature drops, and heart rate slows
Stage 3: deep sleep, slow brain waves (delta waves) dominate
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep: brain active, dreams occur, and muscles paralyzed

Sleep Cycles:

Each cycle lasts approximately 90-120 minutes
Most people experience 4-6 cycles per night
REM sleep increases as the night progresses

Brain Regions

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and managing higher-level cognitive functions.
The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture, and learns new motor skills.
The brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and regulates basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory formation, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system.
Dopamine plays a role in motivation, reward, and movement control.
Serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.

Eye Structure

The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye.
The iris is the colored part of the eye and controls light entry.
The lens changes shape to focus light.
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye and converts light into electrical signals.

Vision Process

Light enters the eye through the cornea.
The lens focuses light onto the retina.
Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals.
Signals are transmitted to the optic nerve and then to the brain for processing.

Sleep

Stage 1 of sleep is the transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by slow eye movements and decreased muscle activity.
Stage 2 of sleep is light sleep, where body temperature drops and heart rate slows.
Stage 3 of sleep is deep sleep, where slow brain waves (delta waves) dominate.
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is characterized by brain activity, dreams, and muscle paralysis.
Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90-120 minutes, with most people experiencing 4-6 cycles per night.
REM sleep increases as the night progresses.

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Week 15: Neuro, Eye, Sleep

Questions and Answers

What type of therapy is commonly used to treat insomnia?

What is the mechanism of action of orexin-receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia?

What is the primary goal of sleep hygiene education?

What is the primary benefit of melatonin-receptor agonists in the treatment of insomnia?

What is the definition of obstructive sleep apnea?

What is the primary characteristic of sleep?

What is the term for the 24-hour biologic rhythm fluctuations regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus?

What is the percentage of sleep time characterized by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by slow eye movements, decreased heart rate, and decreased body temperature?

What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by delta waves and deep, slow-wave sleep?

What is the primary purpose of polysomnography (PSG) in sleep disorders?

What is the term for chronic sleep disorders characterized by difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep for greater than 3 months?

What is the primary reason for the patient's pharyngeal airway to close during sleep?

What is the primary benefit of using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What is a common manifestation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What is a potential complication of untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What is a risk factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the patient?

How can a patient's partner be affected by his Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What is a potential consequence of excessive daytime sleepiness due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What assessment data would you obtain on this patient based on potential complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

What patient position is recommended for a patient with mild sleep apnea?

What is the primary concern for hospitalized patients with OSA?

What is the goal of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy?

What is the purpose of Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) surgery?

What is the primary risk associated with surgical treatment of sleep apnea?

Which of the following is a characteristic of sleep patterns in older adults?

Which of the following medications is NOT recommended for sleep disturbances in older adults?

What is a common circadian rhythm disorder?

Which of the following medical conditions can affect sleep quality in older adults?

What is a recommended approach to managing sleep disturbances in older adults?

What is the primary cause of vision loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma?

What is the leading cause of cataracts?

What is the only cure for cataracts?

What is the term for the third leading cause of preventable blindness in the US?

What is the name of the type of cataract caused by altered metabolic processes?

What is the purpose of tonometry measurements?

What is the purpose of laser peripheral iridotomy?

What is the recommended frequency of eye exams for people aged 55-64?

What is the primary purpose of mydriatic eye drops in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

What is the advantage of phacoemulsification over extracapsular cataract extraction?

What is the primary goal of nursing assessment in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

What is the primary expected goal of nursing planning in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

What is the purpose of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

Match the following medications with their corresponding effects in cataract surgery:

During the preoperative phase of cataract surgery, NSAID eye drops are used to produce pupillary dilation.

Match the following neurological conditions with their corresponding characteristics:

Match the following neurological terms with their corresponding descriptions:

What is the significance of the PERRLA assessment in a health assessment class?

What is the primary purpose of the Romberg test in a health assessment class?

What is the primary purpose of the Aldrete Scale in a postoperative recovery class?

What is the primary difference between hallucinations and delusions?

Match the level of consciousness with their definition.

Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, a total score of 8 or less will need intubation.

Somatic Nervous System regulates involuntary movements.

What regulates involuntary movements?

Study Notes

Neuro

Eye

Sleep

Brain Regions

Neurotransmitters

Eye Structure

Vision Process

Sleep

Studying That Suits You

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