Week 15: Neuro, Eye, Sleep
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Questions and Answers

What type of therapy is commonly used to treat insomnia?

  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) (correct)
  • Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
  • Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
  • Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

    • What is the mechanism of action of orexin-receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia?

  • They modulate the activity of GABA, a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation.
  • They decrease the activity of orexin, a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness. (correct)
  • They increase the activity of orexin, a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness.
  • They affect the release of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

    • What is the primary goal of sleep hygiene education?

  • To establish a consistent sleep schedule and bedtime routine (correct)
  • To promote relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety
  • To provide information about sleep disorders and their treatment
  • To encourage the use of sleep aids and medications

    • What is the primary benefit of melatonin-receptor agonists in the treatment of insomnia?

    <p>They are effective in treating jet lag and shift work sleep disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of obstructive sleep apnea?

    <p>A sleep disorder characterized by partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of sleep?

    <p>A state in which a person lacks conscious awareness of environmental surroundings but can be easily aroused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the 24-hour biologic rhythm fluctuations regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of sleep time characterized by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

    <p>20% to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by slow eye movements, decreased heart rate, and decreased body temperature?

    <p>N2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sleep stage characterized by delta waves and deep, slow-wave sleep?

    <p>N3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of polysomnography (PSG) in sleep disorders?

    <p>To record brain activity, eye movements, and muscle tone during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chronic sleep disorders characterized by difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep for greater than 3 months?

    <p>Chronic insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the patient's pharyngeal airway to close during sleep?

    <p>The relaxation of the pharyngeal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>It splints the airway open, preventing airflow obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in the patient?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a patient's partner be affected by his Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>They may be concerned about his cessation of breathing during sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive daytime sleepiness due to Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assessment data would you obtain on this patient based on potential complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What patient position is recommended for a patient with mild sleep apnea?

    <p>Sleeping on one's side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for hospitalized patients with OSA?

    <p>Cautious use of narcotics and sedatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy?

    <p>To reduce apnea/hypopnea events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) surgery?

    <p>To widen the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with surgical treatment of sleep apnea?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of sleep patterns in older adults?

    <p>More awakenings and shorter total sleep time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is NOT recommended for sleep disturbances in older adults?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common circadian rhythm disorder?

    <p>Jet lag disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medical conditions can affect sleep quality in older adults?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended approach to managing sleep disturbances in older adults?

    <p>Avoiding long-acting benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of vision loss in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma?

    <p>Blockage of outflow channels of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of cataracts?

    <p>Aging process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only cure for cataracts?

    <p>Surgery to remove the cataract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the third leading cause of preventable blindness in the US?

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of cataract caused by altered metabolic processes?

    <p>Senile cataract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tonometry measurements?

    <p>To measure the intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of laser peripheral iridotomy?

    <p>To create a new opening in the iris to outflow channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of eye exams for people aged 55-64?

    <p>Every 1-3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mydriatic eye drops in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

    <p>To produce pupillary dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of phacoemulsification over extracapsular cataract extraction?

    <p>It requires no sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of nursing assessment in the preoperative phase of cataract surgery?

    <p>To assess patient's ability to understand and comply with treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary expected goal of nursing planning in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

    <p>To prevent postoperative complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops in the postoperative phase of cataract surgery?

    <p>To reduce inflammation and prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their corresponding effects in cataract surgery:

    <p>NSAID eye drops = Reduce inflammation and edema Mydriatic eye drops = Produce pupillary dilation Cycloplegics = Paralyze accommodation and produce mydriasis Antibiotics = Prevent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the preoperative phase of cataract surgery, NSAID eye drops are used to produce pupillary dilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurological conditions with their corresponding characteristics:

    <p>Essential tremors = Involuntary rhythmic movements of a body part Aphasia = Difficulty with language reception or expression Dyskinesias = Involuntary movements of a body part Dysarthria = Difficulty with speech articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurological terms with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Hallucinations = Perception of a stimulus that is not present Delusions = False beliefs or perceptions Akathisia = Restlessness or agitation Fasiculation = Twitching or rippling of muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the PERRLA assessment in a health assessment class?

    <p>It evaluates the patient's pupillary reaction to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Romberg test in a health assessment class?

    <p>To assess a patient's balance and proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Aldrete Scale in a postoperative recovery class?

    <p>To assess a patient's postoperative recovery status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between hallucinations and delusions?

    <p>Hallucinations are a perception of a stimulus that is not present, while delusions are a false belief about something</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the level of consciousness with their definition.

    <p>Lethargic = Slow response to voice, sleepy, but appropriate spontaneous activity and purposeful movement Obtunded = Responds to touch more than voice, decreased spontaneous activity, purposeful movement Stuporous = Responds to pain only, no spontaneous activity Semi-coma = Responds inconsistently to painful stimulus, purposeful movement varies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale, a total score of 8 or less will need intubation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic Nervous System regulates involuntary movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates involuntary movements?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neuro

    Brain Regions:

    • Cerebrum: divided into two hemispheres (left and right), responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and managing higher-level cognitive functions
    • Cerebellum: coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture, and learns new motor skills
    • Brainstem: connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, regulates basic functions (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure)

    Neurotransmitters:

    • Acetylcholine: involved in muscle contraction, memory formation, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system
    • Dopamine: plays a role in motivation, reward, and movement control
    • Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, and sleep

    Eye

    Eye Structure:

    • Cornea: transparent outer layer
    • Iris: colored part of the eye, controls light entry
    • Lens: changes shape to focus light
    • Retina: innermost layer, converts light into electrical signals

    Vision Process:

    1. Light enters the eye through the cornea
    2. Light is focused by the lens onto the retina
    3. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals
    4. Signals are transmitted to the optic nerve and then to the brain for processing

    Sleep

    Sleep Stages:

    1. Stage 1: transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by slow eye movements and decreased muscle activity
    2. Stage 2: light sleep, body temperature drops, and heart rate slows
    3. Stage 3: deep sleep, slow brain waves (delta waves) dominate
    4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep: brain active, dreams occur, and muscles paralyzed

    Sleep Cycles:

    • Each cycle lasts approximately 90-120 minutes
    • Most people experience 4-6 cycles per night
    • REM sleep increases as the night progresses

    Brain Regions

    • The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, and managing higher-level cognitive functions.
    • The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture, and learns new motor skills.
    • The brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and regulates basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Acetylcholine is involved in muscle contraction, memory formation, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system.
    • Dopamine plays a role in motivation, reward, and movement control.
    • Serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.

    Eye Structure

    • The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye.
    • The iris is the colored part of the eye and controls light entry.
    • The lens changes shape to focus light.
    • The retina is the innermost layer of the eye and converts light into electrical signals.

    Vision Process

    • Light enters the eye through the cornea.
    • The lens focuses light onto the retina.
    • Photoreceptors (rods and cones) convert light into electrical signals.
    • Signals are transmitted to the optic nerve and then to the brain for processing.

    Sleep

    • Stage 1 of sleep is the transition from wakefulness to sleep, characterized by slow eye movements and decreased muscle activity.
    • Stage 2 of sleep is light sleep, where body temperature drops and heart rate slows.
    • Stage 3 of sleep is deep sleep, where slow brain waves (delta waves) dominate.
    • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is characterized by brain activity, dreams, and muscle paralysis.
    • Each sleep cycle lasts approximately 90-120 minutes, with most people experiencing 4-6 cycles per night.
    • REM sleep increases as the night progresses.

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