Neuroanatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about mutation-selection balance in humans?

  • There are 2-3 new deleterious coding mutations per person
  • There are 2-3 new beneficial coding mutations per person
  • There are 500-2000 old beneficial coding mutations per person
  • There are 500-2000 old slightly deleterious coding mutations per person (correct)

    • What is epigenetics?

  • The study of genetic disorders
  • The study of gene expression influenced by the environment (correct)
  • The study of genetic mutations
  • The study of genetic engineering

    • Why is finding genes difficult?

  • Heterogeneity (correct)
  • Few genes are involved
  • Unaffected relatives have no genotypic risk
  • Genes do not depend on environmental stressors

    • What is the mode of transmission for mental disorders?

    <p>Polygenic inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do genes confer in relation to mental disorders?

    <p>Directly cause brain structure and function disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endophenotype?

    <p>An observable and measurable intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Controls perception, thoughts, feelings, memories, decisions, and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Relays sensory information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

    <p>A barrier that prevents many molecules from entering the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a stroke?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for generating smooth, coordinated movement?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is activated during tasks that require motor coordination?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain controls a number of different drives, including sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is known as the 'gateway to the cortex' and where all information passes through?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for memory and emotions, and is important in psychopathology?

    <p>Limbic System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in fear and emotional memory?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is important for action selection and motor control, and is highly dopaminergic?

    <p>Basal Ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain was removed from the patient H.M. and resulted in the inability to form new declarative memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle tone, as well as basic functions like breathing and sleeping?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alcohol affects the ______

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical composition of CSF is very similar to ______

    <p>seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ controls a number of different drives, including sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for memory and emotions, and is important in psychopathology

    <p>limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the 'gateway to the cortex' and where all information passes through

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain structures with their functions:

    <p>Hippocampus = Memory and spatial memory Amygdala = Emotion and emotional memory Basal Ganglia = Action selection and motor control Thalamus = Gateway to the cortex, all information passes through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their associated functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Generation of smooth, coordinated movement Hypothalamus = Control of sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep/wake cycle Brainstem = Regulation of cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle tone, as well as basic functions like breathing and sleeping Midbrain = Involvement in addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain areas with their roles:

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) = Surrounds the brain and spinal cord, circulates through the brain’s ventricular system Blood Brain Barrier = Semi permeable barrier between the CNS and circulatory system, regulates the flow of nutrient rich fluid into the brain Meninges = Inflammation of this can cause Meningitis, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection Limbic System = Involved in memory and emotions, important in psychopathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain areas with their associated functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Controls hormone release by pituitary Hippocampus = Vert vulnerable to hypoxia and stress, involved in memory and spatial memory Amygdala = Involved in fear and emotional memory Basal Ganglia = Highly dopaminergic, related to schizophrenia, substance abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Integration of visual, motor, vestibular, and somatosensory information Midbrain = Involvement of dopamine system in addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease Hypothalamus = Control of sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep/wake cycle Thalamus = Gateway to the cortex, all information passes through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics

    • Mutation-selection balance: 2-3 new deleterious coding mutations per person, 500-2000 old slightly deleterious coding mutations per person
    • Epigenetics: Environment can change structure and function of genes and whether they are expressed or not
    • Challenges in finding genes:
      • Heterogeneity (different genes may be important in different families, gene pools)
      • Many genes involved, each with small effect
      • Some genes may depend on environmental stressors to be expressed
      • Unaffected relatives may have some degree of genotypic risk
    • Take home points on GENETICS:
      • Mental disorders are moderately to highly heritable
      • Mode of transmission is complex, involving many genes of small effect
      • Genes confer not mental disorders directly, but rather disturbances in brain structure and function that make one susceptible to their symptoms
      • Multidimensional, comprehensive approach puts us in the best position to understand the causes of psychopathology and alleviate and prevent psychopathology

    Neuroanatomy

    • Genotype vs phenotype:
      • Genotype: genetic information (alleles in specific locations)
      • Phenotype: resulting traits that can be observed
      • Genotype codes for phenotype
    • Endophenotype: an intermediate phenotype, something that can be observed and measured that falls between the gene and disorder
    • Central Nervous System (CNS):
      • Command and control center that governs perception, thoughts, feelings, memories, decisions, and behavior
      • Consists of brain and spinal cord
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
      • Relays sensory information about the world to the CNS
      • Carries commands from the CNS to muscles and organs
      • Consists of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system

    Brain Structure and Function

    • Brain vasculature:
      • Like all body organs, the brain has a blood supply
      • Stroke: brain damage caused by a restriction of blood to the brain by a burst or weak blood vessel or by a blockage
    • Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB):
      • Restrictive barrier between the CNS and circulatory system
      • Prevents many molecules from entering the brain through the bloodstream
    • Meninges:
      • Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):
      • Circulates very slowly through the brain's ventricular system (fluid-filled spaces around and within the brain)
      • Produced by tissue within the ventricles and subarachnoid space (about 500ml/day)

    Brain Regions

    • Brainstem:
      • All connections to the rest of the body pass through
      • Key role in regulation of cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle tone and very basic functions like breathing and sleeping
    • Cerebellum:
      • Helps generate smooth, coordinated movement
      • Integrates visual, motor, vestibular (balance), and somatosensory info
    • Midbrain:
      • Dopamine system is involved in addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease
    • Hypothalamus:
      • Controls a number of different drives, including sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, sleep/wake cycle
      • Controls hormone release by pituitary
    • Thalamus:
      • "Gateway to the cortex", all information passes through the thalamus
    • Limbic System:
      • Hippocampus (seahorse)
      • Amygdala (almond)
      • Cingulate cortex
      • Anterior thalamus
      • Mammillary bodies
      • Function: memory and emotions, important in psychopathology
    • Hippocampus:
      • Memory
      • Spatial memory and navigation
      • Vulnerable – hypoxia and stress
    • Amygdala:
      • Emotion – fear ; emotional memory
    • Basal Ganglia:
      • Caudate nucleus and putamen
      • Important for action selection and motor control
      • Highly dopaminergic, related to schizophrenia, substance abuse

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of Neuroanatomy with this quiz! Explore the fascinating structure and organization of the nervous system in animals with bilateral symmetry. Challenge yourself with questions on vertebrate neuroanatomy and delve into the internal structures of the nervous system.

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