Cerebrum and Basal Nuclei Functions
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main divisions of the mammalian nervous system?

  • CNS and PNS (correct)
  • ANS and PNS
  • ENS and SNS
  • CNS and SNS

    • Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

  • ANS
  • ENS
  • PNS
  • CNS (correct)

    • Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary functions?

  • Somatic nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system (correct)
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Central nervous system

    • Which part of the brain is especially expanded in humans and associated with higher functions like planning and reasoning?

    <p>Frontal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

    <p>Regulate the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many neurons comprise the human brain?

    <p>100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures constitute the limbic system?

    <p>Ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain does the limbic system encircle?

    <p>The upper part of the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functions is the limbic system responsible for?

    <p>Emotions, memory, and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the limbic system located?

    <p>Deep within the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With which other brain regions is the limbic system connected?

    <p>A number of other brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the basal nuclei control?

    <p>Subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an action controlled by the basal nuclei?

    <p>True laughter in response to a joke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the basal nuclei located?

    <p>At the base of the forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is NOT part of the basal nuclei?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is associated with the basal nuclei?

    <p>Motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main type of neuron found in the cortex?

    <p>Pyramidal neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is released by pyramidal neurons?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the limbic system play in the brain?

    <p>Promoting emotions and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region is NOT considered part of the limbic system?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the cortex in a brain affected by Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>It shrivels up</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is critical to the formation of new memories?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dementia?

    <p>Loss of cognitive ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell causes inhibition in the cortex?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adult brain integrates incoming and outgoing nerve impulses?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Helps coordinate slow, sustained movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain relays most sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What homeostatic function is NOT controlled by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Muscle coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is known to play a role in consciousness?

    <p>Brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily contributes to muscle tone, posture, and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the 1º auditory area located?

    <p>Superior part of the temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the folds in the cerebral cortex called?

    <p>Gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurons are particularly lost in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neurons that produce acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles composed of in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Filaments of a phosphorylated form of Tau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic option is currently used to replace acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease treatment?

    <p>Ach esterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are examples of Ach esterase inhibitors used in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes generalized epilepsy from partial and absence epilepsy?

    <p>Complete cerebral cortex involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT one of the main actions of current antiepileptic drugs?

    <p>Blocking monoamine oxidase enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major antiepileptic drugs in current use?

    <p>Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, ethosuximide, benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If antiepileptic drugs are ineffective, what is the alternative treatment option?

    <p>Surgical resection of the affected cortex part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas, besides the outer surfaces of the gyri, contain gray matter in the cerebrum?

    <p>Cortex and basal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the basal nuclei NOT play in the body?

    <p>Processing visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many basal nuclei are mentioned that help in movement regulation?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the basal nuclei located within the cerebrum?

    <p>Deep in the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two diseases are associated with the basal nuclei according to the text?

    <p>Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognition include?

    <p>Memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dementia characterized by?

    <p>Loss of cognitive ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Alzheimer's Disease (AD), where does neuronal death occur specifically?

    <p>Hippocampus and basal forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Alzheimer's Disease at its end stage?

    <p>Brain shows dramatic shrinkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Alzheimer's Disease is correct?

    <p>It is always fatal and there is no known cure or successful therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Disorganised speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter alterations are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia?

    <p>Dopamine, Glutamate, GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is classified as a thrombolytic in stroke management?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional consequence of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) dependent upon?

    <p>Part of the brain in which the CVA occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class of drugs are used predominantly to treat schizophrenia?

    <p>Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is affected by deficits in cognitive processes related to schizophrenia?

    <p>Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medication is Haloperidol?

    <p>Antipsychotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

    <p>Reduced expression of emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Cerebrum

    • The cerebrum consists of the cortex, basal nuclei, and other structures.
    • The basal nuclei are involved in initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements, and regulating muscle tone.
    • The basal nuclei are affected in diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's.

    Histology of the Cerebrum

    • The cerebrum has a layered structure, with the surface layer separated from the pia mater.
    • The main type of neuron in the cortex is the pyramidal neuron, which releases glutamate and causes excitation.
    • Interneurons, which release GABA and cause inhibition, are also found in the cortex.
    • The networks of pyramidal neurons and interneurons regulate cortical function.

    The Limbic System

    • The limbic system is a functional system composed of parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and midbrain.
    • The main regions of the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and fornix.
    • The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and motivation, and is often referred to as the "emotional brain".
    • The limbic system is affected in mental illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease.

    Alzheimer's Disease

    • Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal death, leading to dementia.
    • The disease affects the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain, leading to cognitive decline and memory loss.
    • The brain shows dramatic shrinkage in the end stage of the disease, and there is no known cure or successful therapy.

    Functional Anatomy of the Brain

    • The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS.
    • The CNS includes the somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and enteric nervous system (ENS).

    The Human Brain

    • The human brain is composed of approximately 100 billion neurons and 10 trillion neuroglia.
    • The brain is responsible for emotions, solving equations, reading, and breathing, and is characterized by a high ratio of brain to body size.
    • The frontal lobes of the brain are associated with higher executive functions such as self-control, planning, and abstract thought.

    The Limbic System

    • The limbic system is a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon.
    • The limbic system is responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation, and is connected to other brain regions.

    Brain Diagram

    • The brain diagram shows various structures, including the longitudinal fissure, septum pellucidum, internal capsule, insula, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum.
    • The basal nuclei are located deep within the brain and are important for motor control, learning, and cognition.

    Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

    • Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal death, leading to dementia.
    • The disease affects the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and basal forebrain, leading to cognitive decline and memory loss.
    • The brain shows dramatic shrinkage in the end stage of the disease, and there is no known cure or successful therapy.

    Pathological Features of AD

    • Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the loss of neurons, particularly those that produce acetylcholine.
    • The disease is also characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles.
    • The exact causes of Alzheimer's disease are still not fully understood.

    Current Therapeutic Options for AD

    • Current therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease include replacing acetylcholine, which can help to improve cognitive function.
    • Strategies to target beta-amyloid have failed so far.

    Seizures and Epilepsy

    • Seizures result from large groups of neurons being active together and discharging in high-frequency patterns.
    • Epilepsy is the condition associated with the repeated occurrence of seizures.
    • The causes of epilepsy include tumors, trauma, infection, vascular disease, and many unknown cases.

    Drug Therapy in Epilepsy

    • Current antiepileptic drugs act by three main mechanisms: reducing electrical excitability, enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition, and inhibiting T-type calcium channels.
    • Newer drugs act by other mechanisms, largely yet to be elucidated.

    The Major Antiepileptic Drugs

    • The main drugs in current use are carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, ethosuximide, and benzodiazepines.
    • If drugs do not work, surgical resection of the affected part of the cortex may be necessary.

    Brain Organization

    • The major parts of the adult brain are the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem.
    • The cerebral cortex receives sensory information, sends messages to move skeletal muscles, integrates incoming and outgoing nerve impulses, and performs activities such as thinking, learning, and remembering.

    The Cerebrum

    • The cerebral cortex is the "seat of our intelligence" and is responsible for reading, writing, speaking, remembering, and planning.
    • The cerebrum consists of an outer cerebral cortex, an internal region of cerebral white matter, and gray matter nuclei deep within the white matter.

    Schizophrenia

    • Schizophrenia is characterized by a loss of contact with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, and movement.
    • The condition is a type of psychosis, and drugs used to treat it are called antipsychotics.

    Schizophrenia: Drug Therapy

    • Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptic drugs or major tranquillizers, are used to treat schizophrenia.
    • These drugs are predominantly dopamine receptor antagonists, and may also act on other targets.

    Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

    • The core features of schizophrenia include deficits in cognitive processes mediated by the circuitry of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
    • Alterations in dopamine, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmission are implicated in the disease.

    Cerebrovascular Accidents (Stroke)

    • Cerebrovascular accidents, or stroke, are sudden and severe losses of central nervous system function due to decreased blood flow to part of the brain.
    • The functional consequence of a stroke is dependent on the part of the brain affected.

    Stroke Management: Pharmacological

    • Thrombolytic, anticoagulant, antiplatelet, and hypertensive therapies are used to manage stroke.
    • Treatment of hyperlipidemia is also important.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and functions of the cerebrum, including the basal nuclei and their roles in movement and muscle tone regulation.

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