Neuroanatomy and Neurology Quiz

Brachial Plexus Lesion

• Lesions of the brachial plexus are most likely to occur from penetrating wounds.
• The specific labeled areas on the diagram determine the likely location of the injury.

Cranial Nerve Exit

• The cranial nerve that exits the cranium via the opening in the CT scan is the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Oculomotor Nerve Damage

• Damage to the superior division of the oculomotor nerve can cause ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, flushing of the face, and a narrowed palpebral fissure on the affected side.

Pterygomaxillary Fissure Compression

• A bony overgrowth narrowing the pterygomaxillary fissure can reduce blood flow to the sphenopalatine artery, which is a branch of the maxillary artery.

Facial Nerve Paralysis

• The buccinator muscle will continue to function despite facial nerve paralysis.

Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis

• A single acne-like lesion on the anterior tip of the nose can lead to cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis.
• The ophthalmic vein is the most likely route for the spread of the infection to the cavernous sinus.

Lesion in the Right Lung

• A lesion involving the thoracic anterior roots in the right lung may cause ptosis and miosis of the right eye.

Cervical Region Stab Wound

• A 22-year-old man's stab wound in the anterior cervical region (C2 vertebral level), superior to the hyoid bone, can damage the hypoglossal nerve, causing dysarthria (difficulty speaking).

Occipital Eye Field

• The occipital eye field is a relatively small area.
• Lesions in this area cause transient deviation of the eyes away from the affected side.
• Patients with occipital eye field lesions can direct their eyes to a particular location on command.

Intracranial Dura Innervation

• The intracranial dura is innervated by cranial nerve V, upper cervical spinal nerves, and cranial nerve X.

Anterior Choroidal Artery

• The anterior choroidal artery supplies portions of the amygdala, globus pallidus, and internal capsule, but not the hypothalamus.

Dentate Nuclei Fibers

• Efferent fibers from the dentate nuclei influence the activity of motor neurons in the contralateral cerebral cortex.
• The fibers leave the cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle.

Supplemental Motor Cortex

• Some of the neurons of the supplemental motor cortex (MII) project directly to the spinal cord.
• The body is somatopically represented in the supplemental motor cortex.
• The neurons in this area show movement-related activity only if the task is performed with the contralateral limbs.
• The threshold for stimulation is higher than for the primary motor cortex (MI).

Dorsolateral Spinal Cord Fibers

• Root fibers of spinal ganglia separate into a medial and a lateral bundle.
• The central processes of each dorsal root ganglion divide into both ascending and descending branches.
• The lateral bundle conveys impulses from free nerve endings.
• The medial bundle consists of thinly myelinated or unmyelinated fibers.
• The medial bundle conveys impulses from Golgi tendon organs.

Medulla Transverse Section

• Accessory cuneate nucleus
• Dorsal nucleus of X
• Nucleus ambiguus
• Nucleus of the solitary tract
• Superior vestibular nucleus

Secondary Somatic Sensory Area

• The secondary somatic sensory area (SII) is located on the superior bank of the lateral sulcus.

External Urethral Sphincter Innervation

• The external urethral sphincter is innervated by parasympathetic pelvic nerves.

Optic Tract Fibers

• Uncrossed fibers of the optic tract terminate in layers 1, 4, and 6 of the lateral geniculate.

Cranial Nerve and Regions

• Various structures, such as cranial nerves, are associated with specific regions of the brain, and injury to these can cause symptom patterns depending on the affected area.