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What is the therapeutic use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease?
What is the therapeutic use of dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease?
What class of neuro medications blocks the effect of acetylcholine?
What class of neuro medications blocks the effect of acetylcholine?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of dopamine agonists?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of dopamine agonists?
What is one mechanism of action for dopamine agonists?
What is one mechanism of action for dopamine agonists?
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Which drug exemplar is classified as a dopamine agonist?
Which drug exemplar is classified as a dopamine agonist?
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What is the primary action of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?
What is the primary action of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease?
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What class of drugs is primarily used to alleviate vascular, cluster, and migraine headache pain?
What class of drugs is primarily used to alleviate vascular, cluster, and migraine headache pain?
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Which adverse effect is associated with the use of triptans for migraine treatment?
Which adverse effect is associated with the use of triptans for migraine treatment?
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What is the primary action of hydantoins in the treatment of epilepsy?
What is the primary action of hydantoins in the treatment of epilepsy?
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Which drug class may lead to physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome when used for anxiety and sedation?
Which drug class may lead to physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome when used for anxiety and sedation?
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What side effect is most commonly associated with the use of valproic acid?
What side effect is most commonly associated with the use of valproic acid?
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What is the mechanism of action of CGRP inhibitors in migraine treatment?
What is the mechanism of action of CGRP inhibitors in migraine treatment?
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Which of the following can be a consequence of cholinergic crisis?
Which of the following can be a consequence of cholinergic crisis?
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What distinguishes benzodiazepines from barbiturates in terms of their impact on the CNS?
What distinguishes benzodiazepines from barbiturates in terms of their impact on the CNS?
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What potential effect can arise from the use of zonisamide?
What potential effect can arise from the use of zonisamide?
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Which drug is known for its action on sodium and calcium channels and is used for various seizure disorders?
Which drug is known for its action on sodium and calcium channels and is used for various seizure disorders?
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Which condition is associated with the use of antipsychotic medications?
Which condition is associated with the use of antipsychotic medications?
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In patients with Myasthenia Gravis, increasing acetylcholine availability can lead to which of the following?
In patients with Myasthenia Gravis, increasing acetylcholine availability can lead to which of the following?
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Which medication is used to block alpha-adrenergic and serotonin receptor sites for migraine relief?
Which medication is used to block alpha-adrenergic and serotonin receptor sites for migraine relief?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the context of Parkinson's disease?
What is the primary mechanism of action of anticholinergics in the context of Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following adverse effects is most likely associated with the use of dopamine agonists?
Which of the following adverse effects is most likely associated with the use of dopamine agonists?
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Which of the following drug exemplars is specifically classified as a dopamine agonist?
Which of the following drug exemplars is specifically classified as a dopamine agonist?
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What therapeutic use is associated with dopamine agonists beyond treating Parkinson's disease?
What therapeutic use is associated with dopamine agonists beyond treating Parkinson's disease?
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Which statement correctly describes the role of dopamine agonists in neuropharmacology?
Which statement correctly describes the role of dopamine agonists in neuropharmacology?
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What is a common side effect of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists used in Alzheimer’s treatment?
What is a common side effect of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists used in Alzheimer’s treatment?
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Which of the following actions are characteristic of ergot derivatives in migraine treatment?
Which of the following actions are characteristic of ergot derivatives in migraine treatment?
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What is a notable effect of triptans on the central nervous system?
What is a notable effect of triptans on the central nervous system?
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Which mechanism of action do hydantoins utilize to treat epilepsy?
Which mechanism of action do hydantoins utilize to treat epilepsy?
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What is one severe potential side effect of barbiturates?
What is one severe potential side effect of barbiturates?
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What is a common potential risk associated with the use of valproic acid?
What is a common potential risk associated with the use of valproic acid?
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Benzodiazepines primarily act by enhancing which neurotransmitter's effect?
Benzodiazepines primarily act by enhancing which neurotransmitter's effect?
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What is a key characteristic of immune suppressants used in multiple sclerosis?
What is a key characteristic of immune suppressants used in multiple sclerosis?
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CGRP inhibitors function primarily by doing what during migraine attacks?
CGRP inhibitors function primarily by doing what during migraine attacks?
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What is a common side effect of cholinergic crisis due to increased acetylcholine levels?
What is a common side effect of cholinergic crisis due to increased acetylcholine levels?
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Which drug is commonly associated with the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
Which drug is commonly associated with the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
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Which of the following medications is known for causing hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following medications is known for causing hypersensitivity reactions?
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What type of headache pain do triptans specifically target?
What type of headache pain do triptans specifically target?
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Study Notes
Neuro Medications
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Dopamine Agonists (Dopaminergics): Reduce tremors and muscle rigidity in Parkinson's Disease. Mechanism involves promoting dopamine synthesis, activating dopamine receptors, preventing dopamine breakdown, or decreasing levodopa degradation. Adverse effects include CNS effects, peripheral effects, bone marrow depression, and hepatic dysfunction. Examples include levodopa/carbidopa (Duopa), pramipexole (Mirapex).
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Anticholinergics: Used for extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications. Enhance dopamine/acetylcholine balance by blocking acetylcholine effects. Have greater affinity for CNS receptors than peripheral receptors. Adverse effects include CNS effects, peripheral anticholinergic effects (tachycardia, palpitations, hypotension), urinary retention and hesitancy. Example: benztropine (Cogentin).
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Slow memory loss and cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's stages and Myasthenia Gravis. Mechanism involves blocking acetylcholinesterase to allow acetylcholine accumulation at nerve endings, thus stimulating parasympathetic functions. Note that the impact on the nervous system is similar to stimulating cholinergic function.
Alzheimer's Disease and Myasthenia Gravis
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Mechanism: Block acetylcholinesterase at the synaptic cleft, allowing acetylcholine accumulation from nerve endings, thus stimulating parasympathetic nervous system.
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Effects: Increased acetylcholine levels may lead to gastrointestinal (Gl), cardiovascular (CV), and urinary tract effects.
Migraines
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Ergot Derivatives: Block alpha-adrenergic and serotonin receptor sites to constrict cranial vessels, decreasing cranial artery pulsation and hyperperfusion of the basilar artery. Effects include CNS effects (dizziness, vertigo, tingling sensation), CNS effects (hypertension, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting). Examples include ergotamine, sumatriptan.
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Triptans: Bind to selective serotonin receptor sites to constrict cranial vessels. Effects include CNS effects (drowsiness, headache, paresthesia), GI effects (dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain, dysphagia), CV effects (coronary artery vasospasm, MI, ventricular arrhythmias). Examples include almotriptan, eletriptan.
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CGRP Inhibitors: Inhibit CGRP, a vasodilator released during migraine attacks. Examples include lasmiditan. Possible side effects include dizziness, fatigue, paresthesia, sedation, and hypersensitivity reactions.
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Serotonin Agonists: Have a specific action on serotonin receptors. Possible side effects include nausea and injection site reactions.
Epilepsy
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Hydantoins: Stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS, impacting ionic channels, reducing excitability and hyperexcitability. Possible side effects include cellular toxicity (severe liver toxicity, bone marrow suppression, gingival hyperplasia), and dermatological issues (potentially serious, or frank malignant lymphomas). Examples include phenytoin (Dilantin), fosphenytoin (Cerebyx, Sesquient).
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Barbiturates: Inhibit impulse conduction in ascending RAS, suppressing cerebral cortex, cerebellar function, and motor nerve output. Stabilize nerve membranes, decreasing excitability and hyperexcitability. Possible side effects include CNS depression, cellular toxicity (severe liver toxicity), bone marrow suppression, and derm issues (gingival hyperplasia, potentially serious dermatological reactions, frank malignant lymphoma). Example: Phenobarbital (Solfoton, Luminal).
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Benzodiazepines: Enhance GABA, possibly impacting CNS depression and physical dependence/withdrawal symptoms. Example: alprazolam (Xanax).
Immune Suppressants
- Multiple Sclerosis: The mechanism of action isn't fully understood, but effects may include suppressing inflammatory system responses, with specific effects varying by drug. Side effects can include symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, fatigue, agitation, anxiety, and, rarely, suicidal thoughts.
General Information
- GABA Modulators: Valproic acid and divalproex reduce abnormal brain electrical activity potentially by acting on GABA receptors. Acetylzolamide and Zonisamide may alter electrolyte movement and influence voltage-sensitive sodium/calcium channels. General CNS effects like those seen with other medications (dizziness, drowsiness) are possible across classes.
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Description
This quiz covers various neuro medications, focusing on dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, and indirect-acting cholinergic agonists. Learn about their mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects. Perfect for anyone studying pharmacology or neurology.
