37 Questions
What is the primary goal of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs?
Inhibit a pathway unique to the virus but not the cell
What are viruses' requirements for reproduction?
Infect a cell, use the host machinery to synthesize macromolecules necessary for assembly of new viral particles
What do viruses contain?
Capsule and envelope but not DNA or RNA
Are viruses susceptible to antibacterial agents?
No
What are the stages of the viral life cycle?
Binding, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, release
How do viruses attach to host cells?
By generating specific ligands on their surface
What process is involved in the entry stage of the viral life cycle for some viruses like HIV and measles?
Endocytosis
What is the primary component of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs that makes them effective against viruses?
Inhibition of viral entry into host cells
What is the role of the envelope in some viruses?
Facilitation of viral attachment to host cells
What are obligate intracellular parasites?
Pathogens that rely on host cells for energy and replication
Which of the following is a major challenge in treating viral infections?
Viral replication occurs before clinical symptoms appear
What is the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in combating viral infections?
They recognize proteins on the viral surface and destroy viruses
What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogues such as Acyclovir and Ganciclovir?
They terminate chain elongation and inhibit viral replication
Which virus is Valganciclovir particularly active against?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
What is the main toxic effect associated with Ribavirin?
Hemolytic anemia
What is the primary mechanism of action for Foscarnet in inhibiting viral infections?
Inhibition of viral uncoating by blocking a viral ion channel
How do Amantadine and Rimantadine act to prevent viral infections?
They specifically prevent proton influx, thus preventing viral uncoating
What are the most common side effects associated with Amantadine and Rimantadine?
Central nervous system side effects
'Selective Neuraminidase Inhibitors' are primarily used for the treatment of which viral infections?
'Flu' viruses (Influenza A and B)
'Viral M2 Protein Blockers' such as Amantadine and Rimantadine specifically prevent viral uncoating by blocking which viral protein?
'Influenza A' protein (viral M2 protein)
Which category of drugs is described as substrates of cytochrome P-450 enzymes and prone to drug-drug interactions?
Protease inhibitors
Which drug is known to bind to the transmembrane glycoprotein subunit (gp41) of the viral envelope, preventing the fusion of viral envelope and cell membrane?
Maraviroc
Which of the following drugs is NOT an HIV protease inhibitor?
Nevirapine
Which drug is specifically mentioned as inhibiting viral assembly and release from the host CD4 cells?
Indinavir
Which drug is known to block certain strains of HIV from binding to chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), preventing viral entry?
Maraviroc
Which drug is associated with changes in body fat distribution such as central obesity, buffalo hump, and gynecomastia as a general side effect?
Lopinavir
Which drug is described as a substrate of cytochrome P-450 enzymes and prone to drug-drug interactions?
Tipranavir
Which category of drugs prevents attachment of viral proteins to host CD4 cells, thus inhibiting viral entry?
Fusion inhibitors
Which drug binds to the transmembrane glycoprotein subunit (gp41) of the viral envelope, preventing the fusion of viral envelope and cell membrane?
Enfuvirtide
Which drug is used for the treatment of both Influenza A and B?
Oseltamivir
What is the primary therapeutic option for Hepatitis C when used in combination with Ribavirin?
Interferon α
Which drug is an alternative choice for the treatment of Hepatitis B?
Lamivudine
Which drug needs to be injected subcutaneously?
Interferon α
Which drug is excreted unchanged in urine and is given orally?
Oseltamivir
What is the purpose of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS?
Suppress viral load
What is the mechanism of action of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV treatment?
Induce strand breaks following incorporation into DNA
What is a serious adverse effect of NRTIs in HIV treatment?
Peripheral neuropathy
This quiz covers the mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors such as Oseltamivir and Zanamivir, their spectrum of activity against Influenza A and B, and their role in reducing the severity and preventing the spread of influenza.
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