Cours: Neural Crest Development

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a derivative of neural crest cells?

  • Cardiac muscle cells
  • Smooth muscle in the outflow tract of the heart (correct)
  • Epithelial cells of the skin
  • Red blood cells

What influences the fate of neural crest cells (NCCs)?

  • The genetic composition of the parent cells
  • New environmental signals and axial positions (correct)
  • The type of tissue they first encounter
  • The age of the organism

Which cell type is primarily associated with the peripheral nervous system as a derivative of neural crest cells?

  • Sensory neurons
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Schwann cell precursors (SCP) (correct)

Which of the following is NOT derived from neural crest cells?

<p>Cardiac myocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Schwann cell precursors and neural crest cells?

<p>Schwann cell precursors have broad potential similar to migratory neural crest cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant finding regarding neural crest cells based on single cell RNA sequencing?

<p>Neural crest cells show extensive molecular heterogeneity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method has contributed significantly to understanding the developmental trajectories of neural crest cells?

<p>Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the lineage-restriction events in neural crest cells involve?

<p>Co-expression and competition of genes driving alternative fates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bioinformatics tools are utilized in the analysis of cell types in neural crest cells?

<p>Gene co-expression pattern clustering tools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of neural crest cell development is underscored by the Confetti study mentioned in the content?

<p>There is broad developmental potential in many cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of neural crest cells during their development?

<p>They are highly migratory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of structures are derived from cranial neural crest cells?

<p>Craniofacial bone and cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do neural crest cells undergo to become migratory?

<p>Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a target tissue of neural crest cells that is involved in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Dorsal root ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage do neural crest cells emerge?

<p>During neurulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one method used to study neural crest cell derivatives?

<p>Quail chick chimeras (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression of Cre recombinase in neural crest cells allow researchers to do?

<p>Trace cell lineages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a derivation from neural crest cells?

<p>Cardiac muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is associated with the early stages of neural plate formation?

<p>Neural folds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of migration do neural crest cells primarily undergo?

<p>Mesenchymal migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Neural Crest Culture System?

<p>To prospectively identify neural crest stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the clonal analysis in the early 1980s confirm about neural crest cells?

<p>Premigratory and migratory neural crest cells are both multipotent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is primarily used to trace neural crest cells in confetti mice?

<p>Single cell genetic cell fate mapping (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What finding did Chaya Kalcheim report about premigratory neural crest cells in chickens?

<p>They are lineage-restricted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the Wnt1-CreERT system mentioned in the analysis?

<p>It requires tamoxifen for activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During quantitative analysis, what was concluded about the majority of neural crest cells in mice?

<p>They tend to be multipotent at the stage analyzed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color representation is used in the confetti mice for tracing purposes?

<p>Multicolor fluorescent markers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the analysis, what does 'lineage-restricted' imply about a neural crest cell?

<p>It is limited to contributing to specific derivatives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells comprise a homogeneous population according to the culture system described?

<p>Multipotent neural crest cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the CAGG promoter play in the context of the neural crest culture system?

<p>It initiates transcription in response to tamoxifen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Cre-recombinase in genetic studies using mice?

<p>To rearrange DNA sequences at specific sites, enabling controlled gene expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cre-recombinase is naturally found in the mouse genome.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of LoxP sites in the Cre-recombinase system.

<p>LoxP sites are specific DNA sequences recognized by Cre-recombinase, which facilitates the excision or inversion of the DNA between the LoxP sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Cre-Lox system, the presence of a 'stopp signal' between LoxP sites prevents gene expression until it is ______ by Cre-recombinase.

<p>Excised</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the component with its function in the Cre-Lox recombination system:

<p>Cre-recombinase = Enzyme that recognizes LoxP sites and mediates DNA recombination. LoxP sites = Specific DNA sequences recognized by Cre-recombinase. Promoter = A DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription. GFP gene = A reporter gene that produces a fluorescent protein for visualization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the cerebellum forms rosette synapses?

<p>Granule cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cerebral cortex development, somal translocation involves migration along radial glia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of migration exhibited by Purkinje precursor cells in the cerebellum?

<p>Radial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural crest cells undergo a(n) ________ to mesenchymal transition during their migration.

<p>epithelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a target destination for neural crest cells?

<p>Central Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the cell type with its respective location and function in the cerebellum:

<p>Basket cells = Interneurons in the molecular layer that connect to Purkinje cells Stellate cells = Interneurons in the molecular layer Mossy fibers = Brainstem input forming rosette synapses with granule cells Climbing fibers = Brainstem input connecting to Purkinje cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the process that allows neural crest cells to migrate from the dorsal neural tube.

<p>Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition</p> Signup and view all the answers

The migration of neural crest cells is independent of somite structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of CD271/p75NTR in neural crest cell analysis?

<p>It is a surface molecule used for prospective identification and isolation of neural crest cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to clonal analysis, neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) possess multipotency and self-renewal capacity in approximately 50% of the cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sox10 in the context of neural crest cell labeling?

<p>Sox10 is an HMG transcription factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The combination of Wnt1 and ______ allows self-renewal and produces new NCSCs.

<p>BMP2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if Wnt1, BMP2 and TGF$\beta$ are applied alone to neural crest stem cells?

<p>Each factor forces differentiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors with their roles in neural crest stem cell (NCSC) development:

<p>Wnt1/BMP2 = Promotes self-renewal and NCSC production TGF$\beta$ = Instructive factor that forces differentiation when applied alone CD271/p75NTR = Marker for prospective identification of NCSCs Sox10 = HMG transcription factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion drawn from combining in vitro and in vivo approaches in the study of neural crest stem cells?

<p>In vitro culture systems are relevant for in vivo systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inactivation of the Tgfbr2 gene in neural crest stem cells promotes normal smooth muscle, bone, and cartilage formation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-neural derivative of neural crest cells?

<p>Melanocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neural crest cells only contribute to the formation of neural tissues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using quail-chick chimeras in studying neural crest cell migration?

<p>Cell tracking</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ are cells in the adrenal medulla that are derived from neural crest cells.

<p>Chromaffin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neural crest cell derivatives with their tissue type:

<p>Odontoblasts = Dental Satellite glia = Neural Smooth muscle = Muscular Chromaffin cells = Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the selective and instructive effects of factors on neural crest cell differentiation?

<p>Selective effects act on heterogenous populations of lineage-restricted cells, while instructive effects act on homogenous populations of multipotent cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neural crest cell culture, the entire neural tube is left in the dish for analysis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neural crest cell fate determination, what does an 'instructive effect' imply?

<p>A factor directs a multipotent cell to adopt a specific fate at the expense of other possibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of neural crest cell research using the 'Confetti mouse,' what is the primary purpose of using a CreERT system?

<p>To induce gene recombination in a specific subset of cells at a chosen time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Confetti mouse' study, the majority of neural crest cells are lineage-restricted at the analyzed stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of p75/Sox10-positive neural crest-derived cells found in adult skin, as identified through in vivo fate mapping?

<p>self-renewal capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic cell fate mapping utilizes Wnt1-CreERT to trace ______ neural crest cells.

<p>premigratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the method with its corresponding application or outcome in neural crest cell research:

<p>Low titer retroviral infection with labels = Labeling multiple cells to study cell populations. Single cell dye labeling = Analyzing the progeny of a single neural crest stem cell. Confetti mouse = Tracing single premigratory neural crest cells using a multicolor Cre reporter. scRNAseq = Analyzing molecular heterogeneity at the single-cell level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'sequential lineage-restriction events' in neural crest cell differentiation imply?

<p>Neural crest cells gradually lose developmental potential through a series of fate decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Premigratory neural crest cells were understood to be lineage-restricted beginning in the 1980s.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hormones, via estrogen-receptor, in the context of using Wnt1-CreERT?

<p>to induce cre activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neural Crest Cells

Multipotent cells that give rise to diverse cell types including glia and melanocytes.

Schwann Cells

Glial cells that insulate peripheral nerves, derived from neural crest cells.

Fate vs. Potential

Fate refers to the specific type a cell becomes, while potential refers to various possible outcomes.

Cranial Neural Crest Cells

Neural crest cells located in the head region, contributing to craniofacial structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Environmental Signals

Factors from the surroundings that influence the fate of neural crest cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multipotency

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into multiple cell types.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq)

A technique to analyze gene expression at the individual cell level.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Developmental trajectories

The paths that cells take as they differentiate and mature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molecular heterogeneity

Variation in gene expression among individual cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest

A migratory cell population in vertebrate embryos; forms during neurulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurulation

The process during embryonic development that forms the neural tube.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

A process where epithelial cells transform into migratory mesenchymal cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cranial Neural Crest

Neural crest cells that contribute to the head and neck structures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trunk Neural Crest

Neural crest cells that migrate to form structures along the body trunk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quail-Chick Chimeras

Experimental model using quails and chicks to study cell fates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cre-recombinase-mediated mapping

A genetic technique for tracking cell lineage in organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Targets

Structures derived from neural crest cells, including ganglia and pigment cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Enteric Ganglia

Nervous system structures within the gastrointestinal tract derived from neural crest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Stem Cells (NCSCs)

Stem cells derived from the neural crest that can differentiate into various cell types.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clonal Analysis

A method to study cell populations by tracing lineages of individual cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Premigratory Neural Crest Cells

Neural crest cells before migration that display multipotency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Migratory Neural Crest Cells

Neural crest cells that have started migrating and may be fate-restricted.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confetti Mice

Mice used in studies that allow tracing of individual cell lineages with color markers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wnt1-CreERT

A genetic tool used to trace neural crest cell lineages using Cre-lox technology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lineage-Restricted Cells

Cells that can only differentiate into certain cell types, limiting their potential.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Quantitative Analysis of Clones

Analyzing the number and types of derived cell clones within a specific region.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Surface Protein Identification

Using specific proteins on cell surfaces to identify and sort cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cre-recombinase

An enzyme used to rearrange DNA sequences in a cell. It recognizes LoxP sites and can excise, insert, or invert DNA segments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

LoxP sites

Short DNA sequences recognized by Cre-recombinase, which flank a target gene or region to be manipulated.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cre-recombinase mouse

A genetic construct inserted into a mouse genome. This allows researchers to control gene expression in specific tissues or at specific times.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tissue-specific promoter

A promoter that is active only in specific tissue types, like the Myth6 promoter in heart tissue.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wnt1 expression

A gene expressed specifically in the dorsal neural tube and premigratory neural crest cells at all axial levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basket Cells

Interneurons in the cerebellum that connect to individual Purkinje cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rosette Synapses

A type of synapse formed between mossy fibers and granule cell dendrites in the cerebellum.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glial Guided Locomotion

Migration along radial glia, allowing movement of up to 2 cm during human cortex development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tangential Migration (Cortex)

Migration in the cerebral cortex where inhibitory interneurons move into the cortex.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tangential Migration (Cerebellum)

Migration in the cerebellum where granule cell precursors travel.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Cells (NCC)

A highly migratory cell population emerging at the dorsal neural tube during neurulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NCC Migration

The directed movement of neural crest cells, guided by structures like somites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CD271/p75NTR

Surface molecule on neural crest cells used for identification and isolation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sox10

HMG transcription factor expressed in neural crest cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

NCSC Self-Renewal and Multipotency

The ability of a single cell to generate multiple cell types and renew itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wnt1, BMP2, and TGFβ

Signaling molecules that promote NCSC self-renewal but force differentiation when applied alone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Wnt1/BMP2 Combination

Factors that, in combination, allow for self-renewal and production of new NCSCs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prospective Identification

Expression of CD271/p75NTR used to identify stem cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In Vitro/In Vivo Relevance

Culture system findings can be relevant to in vivo systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Derivatives (Neural)

Glial cells (Schwann cells, satellite glia), sensory neurons (dorsal root ganglia), autonomic neurons (sympathetic, parasympathetic), and enteric neurons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Derivatives (Non-Neural)

Smooth muscle (heart outflow), adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells), melanocytes, craniofacial bones and cartilage, and odontoblasts (teeth).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fate vs. Potential (NCCs)

The predetermined fate of a cell versus the range of possible cell types it could become.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective Effect (Cell Fate)

A factor influencing cell fate by selectively affecting a pre-existing mix of cells with already limited potentials.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Instructive Effect (Cell Fate)

A factor directly instructing multipotent cells to adopt a specific fate, at the exclusion of other possibilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neural Crest Cell Culture System

Dissecting the neural tube, culturing its cells, and then studying the neural crest cells that migrate from it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analyzing Cultured Neural Crest Cells

Analyzing if neural crest cells in culture are a mix of restricted cells or a uniform population of multipotent stem cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

In vivo Neural Crest Cell Labeling

Using low concentrations of retroviruses or single-cell dye labeling to trace neural crest cell lineages and their progeny in vivo.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confetti Mouse

A mouse model using Cre-recombinase to randomly express different fluorescent proteins in cells, allowing for tracing of individual cell lineages and their fates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tracing Premigratory Wnt1-CreERT

Genetic tracing of neural crest cells using Wnt1-CreERT. The Cre is activated by hormones and will be active in some cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molecular Heterogeneity in NC cells

Despite broad developmental potential, individual neural crest cells show molecular differences, suggesting early specialization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sequential Lineage-Restriction

Neural crest cells progress towards particular fates via sequential restriction steps, as genes promote different outcomes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adult Neural Crest Stem Cells

Adult tissues contain cells derived from the neural crest that exhibit stem cell-like properties, like self-renewal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

p75/Sox10+ Adult Skin Cells

Cells prospectively identified by p75/Sox10 presence in adult skin display self-renewal and multipotency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Renewal in Adult Skin Cells

Neural crest-derived cells in adult skin that show self-renewal capacity and multipotency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Neural Crest Development

  • Neural crest cells are a highly migratory population in vertebrate embryos.
  • They emerge during neurulation at the dorsal part of the closing neural tube.
  • These cells are a model system for studying stem cell biology.
  • Neural crest cells give rise to diverse structures in the body, including parts of the peripheral nervous system, pigment cells, smooth muscles in the heart, craniofacial bones and cartilage.

Neurulation

  • Neurulation is a process that occurs between 19-23 days of development.
  • Key structures involved include the neural plate, primitive streak, primitive node, neural groove, somites, amnion, and neural folds.

Generation of Neural Crest Cells during Neurulation

  • Neural crest cells arise from the neural folds.
  • The neural plate folds to form the neural tube.
  • Neural crest cells are located between the neural tube and the ectoderm.
  • Notochord is a critical structure in inducing the formation of the neural tube.
  • Somites develop from mesoderm alongside the neural tube.

The Neural Crest as a Model System to Study Stem Cell Biology

  • Neural crest cells are highly migratory, meaning they are not fixed in one location.
  • They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during their development.
  • This transition allows them to migrate to different parts of the embryo.

The Neural Crest

  • Cranial, cardiac, vagal, and trunk neural crest cells are different regions of the neural crest.
  • Neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into various tissues.
  • These tissues include the craniofacial bones and cartilage, parts of the heart's outflow tract, and the peripheral nervous system.

Neural Crest Targets

  • Neural crest cells can migrate and differentiate into various target tissues.
  • Examples of structures formed by neural crest cells include pigment cells, pharyngeal apparatus, outflow tracts of the heart, enteric ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and dorsal root ganglia.

Methods to Study Neural Crest Development

  • Quail-chick chimeras are used to map cell derivatives.
  • Cre-recombinase-mediated recombination in mice is used for in vivo cell mapping.
  • In vivo fate mapping is used to trace the neural crest cells and their derivatives.
  • Single cell RNA sequencing is powerful in addressing the cellular identities and developmental trajectories of neural crest cells.
  • Confetti mice are used for single-cell genetic lineage tracing and reveal multipotency of neural crest cells.

Development of Multiple Cell Types

  • Selective effect of a factor on a heterogeneous population of lineage-restricted cells.
  • Instructive effect of a factor on a homogeneous population of multipotent stem cells.

The Neural Crest Culture System

  • The neural crest culture system is used for clonal analysis of neural crest stem cells in vitro.

In vivo Tracing of Neural Crest Cells

  • Quantitative analysis of clones spread over a defined segment of the trunk.
  • Quantitative analysis is used to examine rare color clones at low clonal density in neural crest cells in vivo.

Tracing premigratory (Wnt1-CreERT)

  • Wnt1-CreERT is used to trace premigratory neural crest cells.

Tracing neural crest cells using confetti mice

  • Confetti mice can trace and study neural crest cells in vivo.

Addressing Multipotency in vivo

  • Studying the multipotency of neural crest cells in vivo using multicolor Cre reporter "Confetti".

Quantitative analysis of clones

  • Quantitative analysis of unicolored clones in neural crest cells in vivo.

Neural Crest Cells in vivo

  • In vivo, neural crest cells exist as multipotent or restricted heterogeneous.

Cranial Neural Crest Cells

  • Cranial neural crest cells give rise to distinct structures.
  • These structures include the frontal and nasal bones, the zygomatic, maxillary, and dentary bones, the squamosal, alisphenoid, malleus, and incus, and the hyoid bone.

Early derivatives of neural crest cells

  • Early derivatives of neural crest cells include Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) associated with peripheral axons.
  • These precursors interact with axons, extracellular components and the basal lamina at the level of the peripheral axon.
  • Fate mapping reveals that SCPs have a potential that is as broad as that of migratory neural crest cells.

In vivo NCC Differentiation

  • In vivo NCCs differentiate according to their axial position.
  • The fates of neural crest cells are influenced by new environmental signals / axial positions.

Neural Crest-Derived Cells with Stem Cell Features

  • These cells persist in adult structures and analogy to other stem cells.
  • Prospectively identified p75/Sox10-positive neural crest-derived cells in adult skin display self-renewal capacity and multipotency.
  • Derived cells in adult skin can differentiate into neurons, glia, smooth muscle, cartilage, and melanocytes.
  • These cells may play a role in physiological homeostasis and regeneration, such as wound healing.
  • They may also be involved in the initiation of tumors derived from neural crest structures, for example, neuroblastoma or melanoma.

Tumors hijacking embryonic programs

  • Neural crest stem cells states in melanoma.
  • Melanoma cells hijack embryonic programs.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Neural Crest Development PDF

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser