PSL 250 Lecture 20 (Digestive System)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ENS in the digestive system?

  • Regulating local reflexes (correct)
  • Stimulating sympathetic division
  • Coordinating widespread responses
  • Inhibiting GI motility

    • What is the effect of the sympathetic division on GI motility and secretion?

  • Stimulates motility and inhibits secretion
  • Inhibits motility and stimulates secretion
  • Inhibits both (correct)
  • Stimulates both

    • What type of reflexes are initiated by sensory input detected by baroreceptors or chemoreceptors within the GI tract wall?

  • Central reflexes
  • Short reflexes (correct)
  • Autonomic reflexes
  • Long reflexes

    • What is the role of the CNS in long reflexes?

    <p>To serve as an integration center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can long reflexes regulate in addition to the GI tract?

    <p>Structures outside of the GI tract, such as the accessory digestive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between short reflexes and long reflexes?

    <p>Short reflexes involve the ENS, while long reflexes involve the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structural and functional units of the liver called?

    <p>Hepatic lobules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile in the small intestine?

    <p>To neutralize acidic chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the liver in an adult?

    <p>1 kilogram to 2 kilograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the liver have?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gallbladder?

    <p>To store and release bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the duct that releases bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

    <p>Common bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the liver in digestion?

    <p>Producing bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

    <p>To mix chyme with accessory gland secretions and propel contents through the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate weight of the liver in the human body?

    <p>1 to 2 kilograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion process?

    <p>To absorb almost all of the nutrients and a large percentage of the water, electrolytes, and vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

    <p>To secrete intestinal juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the liver in the human body?

    <p>In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the anal canal?

    <p>To store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation and lubricate the passage of fecal material during defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme breaks down starch into shorter strands of glucose, oligosaccharides, and maltose?

    <p>Pancreatic amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

    <p>To further break down the bonds between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle closes off the anal canal?

    <p>Involuntary smooth muscle and voluntary skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter?

    <p>To relax and allow the opening of the anal canal during defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of the breakdown of oligosaccharides by brush border enzymes?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

    <p>To break down proteins into shorter strands of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of dipeptidase and aminopeptidase in the small intestine?

    <p>To further break down peptides into individual amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

    <p>To emulsify lipids into smaller droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pancreatic lipase in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

    <p>To chemically break down triglycerides into smaller components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by bile salts that transports lipids to the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

    <p>Micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lipids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

    <p>Through simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the digestive system?

    <p>To obtain nutrients from our diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a general function of the digestive system?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of breaking down ingested food into smaller components called?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the movement of materials through the GI tract?

    <p>Motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transporting digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the epithelial lining of the GI tract called?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expulsion of indigestible components through the anal canal called?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

    <p>To aid in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the liver's production of bile in digestion?

    <p>To facilitate the digestion of lipids in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure contributes to the increase in surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

    <p>Microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

    <p>To facilitate the mixing of chyme with accessory gland secretions and propel contents through the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of an adult's body weight that the liver constitutes?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the liver in the human body?

    <p>In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division in the digestive system?

    <p>To stimulate GI motility and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between short reflexes and local reflexes?

    <p>Short reflexes are local reflexes that only involve the ENS, while local reflexes involve the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for coordinating more widespread responses in the digestive system?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system (ANS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory input in short reflexes?

    <p>To relay information to the ENS and alter smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the digestive system?

    <p>It inhibits GI motility and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of long reflexes in the digestive system?

    <p>To coordinate smooth muscle contractions and secretory activity of multiple components of the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine?

    <p>Absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epithelial lining of the large intestine composed of?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the teniae coli in the large intestine?

    <p>Bunching up the large intestine into sacs called haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the intestinal microbiota in the large intestine?

    <p>Breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epithelial lining of the anal canal composed of?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of the large intestine?

    <p>Approximately 1.5 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

    <p>To activate additional molecules of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of carboxypeptidase in the digestion of proteins?

    <p>To break down the bond only between an amino acid on the carboxyl end and the remaining protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of emulsification of lipids in the small intestine?

    <p>Lipids are broken down into smaller droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of micelles in the small intestine?

    <p>To transport digested lipids to the epithelial lining of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of brush border enzymes in the digestion of proteins?

    <p>To further break down peptides into individual amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of protein digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>Individual amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing GI motility and secretion?

    <p>Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflexes are responsible for coordinating smooth muscle contractions and secretory activity of multiple components of the digestive system?

    <p>Long reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sensory input in short reflexes?

    <p>To alter smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for local reflexes in the digestive system?

    <p>Enteric nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the CNS in long reflexes?

    <p>To integrate sensory input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the coordinated action of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems in the digestive system?

    <p>Stimulation of GI motility and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the liver's production of bile?

    <p>To aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>To facilitate the distribution of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the liver?

    <p>To provide structural support to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the caudate lobe of the liver?

    <p>To produce bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

    <p>To regulate the release of bile into the duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tunics in the gallbladder?

    <p>To store and concentrate bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anal sinuses in the anal canal?

    <p>To store and lubricate the passage of fecal material during defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dextrinase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

    <p>To break down the bonds between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the anal canal is closed off during non-defecation?

    <p>Through the contraction of both the internal and external anal sphincters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of maltase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

    <p>To break down the bonds between the two glucose molecules that compose maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anal columns in the anal canal?

    <p>To form a layer of longitudinal ridges in the anal canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

    <p>To break down starch into shorter strands of glucose, oligosaccharides, and maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lactase in the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

    <p>Breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the digestion of sucrose by sucrase in the small intestine?

    <p>Glucose and fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environment necessary for the activation of pepsin in the stomach?

    <p>Low pH environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the digestion of proteins by pepsin in the stomach?

    <p>Short strands of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of absorption of monosaccharides released from the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

    <p>Epithelial lining of the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of brush border enzymes in the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

    <p>Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>To break the bonds between specific amino acids within the protein to produce smaller strands of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enteropeptidase in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>To activate the inactive proteolytic enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the action of carboxypeptidase in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>The breaking of the bond between an amino acid on the carboxyl end and the remaining protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where proteins are completely digested to amino acids?

    <p>The small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pancreas in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>To synthesize and release inactive proteolytic enzymes that are activated in the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the breakdown products of protein digestion in the small intestine?

    <p>They are absorbed across the epithelial lining of the small intestine and enter into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

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