PSL 250 Lecture 20 (Digestive System)

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What is the primary function of the ENS in the digestive system?

Regulating local reflexes (correct)
Stimulating sympathetic division
Coordinating widespread responses
Inhibiting GI motility

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on GI motility and secretion?

Stimulates motility and inhibits secretion
Inhibits motility and stimulates secretion
Inhibits both (correct)
Stimulates both

What type of reflexes are initiated by sensory input detected by baroreceptors or chemoreceptors within the GI tract wall?

Central reflexes
Short reflexes (correct)
Autonomic reflexes
Long reflexes

What is the role of the CNS in long reflexes?

To serve as an integration center (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can long reflexes regulate in addition to the GI tract?

Structures outside of the GI tract, such as the accessory digestive organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between short reflexes and long reflexes?

Short reflexes involve the ENS, while long reflexes involve the CNS (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the structural and functional units of the liver called?

Hepatic lobules (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile in the small intestine?

To neutralize acidic chyme (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the liver in an adult?

1 kilogram to 2 kilograms (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the liver have?

4 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gallbladder?

To store and release bile (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the duct that releases bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

Common bile duct (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver in digestion?

Producing bile (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

To mix chyme with accessory gland secretions and propel contents through the small intestine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate weight of the liver in the human body?

1 to 2 kilograms (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion process?

To absorb almost all of the nutrients and a large percentage of the water, electrolytes, and vitamins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

To secrete intestinal juice (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the liver in the human body?

In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anal canal?

To store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation and lubricate the passage of fecal material during defecation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme breaks down starch into shorter strands of glucose, oligosaccharides, and maltose?

Pancreatic amylase (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

To further break down the bonds between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle closes off the anal canal?

Involuntary smooth muscle and voluntary skeletal muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter?

To relax and allow the opening of the anal canal during defecation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the end product of the breakdown of oligosaccharides by brush border enzymes?

Glucose (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

To break down proteins into shorter strands of amino acids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dipeptidase and aminopeptidase in the small intestine?

To further break down peptides into individual amino acids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

To emulsify lipids into smaller droplets (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pancreatic lipase in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

To chemically break down triglycerides into smaller components (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure formed by bile salts that transports lipids to the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

Micelles (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do lipids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

Through simple diffusion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

To obtain nutrients from our diet (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a general function of the digestive system?

Respiration (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of breaking down ingested food into smaller components called?

Digestion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the movement of materials through the GI tract?

Motility (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of transporting digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the epithelial lining of the GI tract called?

Absorption (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the expulsion of indigestible components through the anal canal called?

Elimination (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

To aid in digestion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver's production of bile in digestion?

To facilitate the digestion of lipids in the small intestine (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contributes to the increase in surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

Microvilli (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

To facilitate the mixing of chyme with accessory gland secretions and propel contents through the small intestine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of an adult's body weight that the liver constitutes?

2% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the liver in the human body?

In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division in the digestive system?

To stimulate GI motility and secretion (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between short reflexes and local reflexes?

Short reflexes are local reflexes that only involve the ENS, while local reflexes involve the CNS (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for coordinating more widespread responses in the digestive system?

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sensory input in short reflexes?

To relay information to the ENS and alter smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the digestive system?

It inhibits GI motility and secretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of long reflexes in the digestive system?

To coordinate smooth muscle contractions and secretory activity of multiple components of the digestive system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the epithelial lining of the large intestine composed of?

Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the teniae coli in the large intestine?

Bunching up the large intestine into sacs called haustra (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the intestinal microbiota in the large intestine?

Breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the epithelial lining of the anal canal composed of?

Stratified squamous epithelium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the large intestine?

Approximately 1.5 meters (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

To activate additional molecules of trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of carboxypeptidase in the digestion of proteins?

To break down the bond only between an amino acid on the carboxyl end and the remaining protein (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of emulsification of lipids in the small intestine?

Lipids are broken down into smaller droplets (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of micelles in the small intestine?

To transport digested lipids to the epithelial lining of the small intestine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of brush border enzymes in the digestion of proteins?

To further break down peptides into individual amino acids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of protein digestion in the small intestine?

Individual amino acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing GI motility and secretion?

Parasympathetic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reflexes are responsible for coordinating smooth muscle contractions and secretory activity of multiple components of the digestive system?

Long reflexes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensory input in short reflexes?

To alter smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for local reflexes in the digestive system?

Enteric nervous system (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the CNS in long reflexes?

To integrate sensory input (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the coordinated action of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems in the digestive system?

Stimulation of GI motility and secretion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the liver's production of bile?

To aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sinusoids in the liver?

To facilitate the distribution of nutrients (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the liver?

To provide structural support to the liver (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the caudate lobe of the liver?

To produce bile (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

To regulate the release of bile into the duodenum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tunics in the gallbladder?

To store and concentrate bile (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anal sinuses in the anal canal?

To store and lubricate the passage of fecal material during defecation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dextrinase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

To break down the bonds between glucose subunits of oligosaccharides (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which the anal canal is closed off during non-defecation?

Through the contraction of both the internal and external anal sphincters (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of maltase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

To break down the bonds between the two glucose molecules that compose maltose (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the anal columns in the anal canal?

To form a layer of longitudinal ridges in the anal canal (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pancreatic amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

To break down starch into shorter strands of glucose, oligosaccharides, and maltose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lactase in the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

Breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the digestion of sucrose by sucrase in the small intestine?

Glucose and fructose (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the environment necessary for the activation of pepsin in the stomach?

Low pH environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the digestion of proteins by pepsin in the stomach?

Short strands of amino acids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of absorption of monosaccharides released from the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

Epithelial lining of the small intestine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of brush border enzymes in the digestion of disaccharides in the small intestine?

Breaking down disaccharides into monosaccharides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

To break the bonds between specific amino acids within the protein to produce smaller strands of amino acids (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enteropeptidase in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

To activate the inactive proteolytic enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the action of carboxypeptidase in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

The breaking of the bond between an amino acid on the carboxyl end and the remaining protein (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location where proteins are completely digested to amino acids?

The small intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestion of proteins in the small intestine?

To synthesize and release inactive proteolytic enzymes that are activated in the small intestine (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the breakdown products of protein digestion in the small intestine?

They are absorbed across the epithelial lining of the small intestine and enter into the blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

PSL 250 Lecture 20 (Digestive System)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ENS in the digestive system?

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on GI motility and secretion?

What type of reflexes are initiated by sensory input detected by baroreceptors or chemoreceptors within the GI tract wall?

What is the role of the CNS in long reflexes?

What can long reflexes regulate in addition to the GI tract?

What is the main difference between short reflexes and long reflexes?

What are the structural and functional units of the liver called?

What is the main function of bile in the small intestine?

What is the approximate weight of the liver in an adult?

How many lobes does the liver have?

What is the function of the gallbladder?

What is the name of the duct that releases bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum?

What is the main function of the liver in digestion?

What is the purpose of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

What is the approximate weight of the liver in the human body?

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestion process?

What is the function of the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

What is the location of the liver in the human body?

What is the purpose of the anal canal?

What enzyme breaks down starch into shorter strands of glucose, oligosaccharides, and maltose?

What is the function of brush border enzymes in the small intestine?

What type of muscle closes off the anal canal?

What is the purpose of the internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter?

What is the end product of the breakdown of oligosaccharides by brush border enzymes?

What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

What is the function of dipeptidase and aminopeptidase in the small intestine?

What is the role of bile salts in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

What is the function of pancreatic lipase in the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?

What is the structure formed by bile salts that transports lipids to the epithelial lining of the small intestine?

How do lipids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine?

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Which of the following is NOT a general function of the digestive system?

What is the process of breaking down ingested food into smaller components called?

Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the movement of materials through the GI tract?

What is the process of transporting digested molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the epithelial lining of the GI tract called?

What is the expulsion of indigestible components through the anal canal called?

What is the primary function of the intestinal juice secreted by the intestinal glands in the small intestine?

What is the main function of the liver's production of bile in digestion?

Which structure contributes to the increase in surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

What is the role of the muscular activity in the small intestine wall?

What is the approximate percentage of an adult's body weight that the liver constitutes?

What is the location of the liver in the human body?

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic division in the digestive system?

What is the key difference between short reflexes and local reflexes?

Which system is responsible for coordinating more widespread responses in the digestive system?

What is the role of sensory input in short reflexes?

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the digestive system?

What is the main function of long reflexes in the digestive system?

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

What is the epithelial lining of the large intestine composed of?

What is the function of the teniae coli in the large intestine?

What is the role of the intestinal microbiota in the large intestine?

What is the epithelial lining of the anal canal composed of?

What is the length of the large intestine?

What is the role of trypsin in the digestion of proteins?

What is the function of carboxypeptidase in the digestion of proteins?

What is the result of emulsification of lipids in the small intestine?

What is the function of micelles in the small intestine?

What is the role of brush border enzymes in the digestion of proteins?

What is the final product of protein digestion in the small intestine?

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing GI motility and secretion?

What type of reflexes are responsible for coordinating smooth muscle contractions and secretory activity of multiple components of the digestive system?

What is the primary function of sensory input in short reflexes?

Which system is responsible for local reflexes in the digestive system?

What is the primary role of the CNS in long reflexes?

What is the result of the coordinated action of the autonomic and enteric nervous systems in the digestive system?

What is the main function of the liver's production of bile?

What is the primary function of the sinusoids in the liver?

What is the main function of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the liver?

What is the primary function of the caudate lobe of the liver?

What is the main function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

What is the primary function of the tunics in the gallbladder?

What is the primary function of the anal sinuses in the anal canal?

What is the role of dextrinase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

What is the mechanism by which the anal canal is closed off during non-defecation?

What is the role of maltase in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?