Neural Control and Stress Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What did Hans Selye coin the word 'STRESS' to describe?

The non-specific response of the body to any demand

Which of the following is not a short latency response to stress?

Dilation of blood vessels in GI tract and skin

What is the role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in the stress response?

To release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Which of the following is released by the adrenal cortex as a stress mediator?

Glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What do mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone, released by the adrenal cortex regulate?

Sodium and potassium balance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a factor affecting the stress response?

Normal sleep patterns Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym ACTH stand for in the context of stress response?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the parvicellular part of the PVN in the stress response?

To release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stress on blood vessels in skeletal muscle?

Dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological response to stress in the 'Fight or Flight Reaction'?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What does the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus stimulate?

Release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of stress on blood vessels in the GI tract and skin?

Constriction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glucocorticoids in coordinating with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress?

Mobilize energy and prepare for defense Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive glucocorticoids on the brain and behavior?

Increased risk of mental illness and behavioral changes Signup and view all the answers

What health consequences can result from disruptions in stress homeostasis?

Increased risk of mental illness and insulin-resistant diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of Addison's disease, characterized by low glucocorticoids?

Fatigue, muscle weakness, and psychological symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of Cushing's disease, involving oversecretion of cortisol?

Immune compromise, increased appetite, diabetes risk, and high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the development of the adrenal gland start?

20-25 days of age Signup and view all the answers

What role do cortisol levels during pregnancy play in fetal development?

Crucial role in fetal development Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of stress hormones on learning and memory?

Impaired motivation, attention, and memory formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the diurnal pattern of stress hormone levels?

Exhibit pulsatile and circadian cycles, with highest levels in the morning Signup and view all the answers

How do stress receptors in the CNS and outside the brain affect stress regulation and learning?

Widespread impact on stress regulation and learning Signup and view all the answers

What do glucocorticoids do to immune function?

Modulate immune function Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the stress response?

Release catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Neural Control of Physiological Systems

Adrenal medulla, innervated by SNS, releases catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine), potentiating the stress response
Glucocorticoids (cortisol/corticosterone) coordinate with ANS to mobilize energy, prepare for defense, elevate heart rate and blood pressure
Glucocorticoids modulate immune function, interact with hormones of other systems, and exhibit negative feedback on the CRH axis
Receptors mediating stress are widespread in the CNS and outside the brain, affecting stress regulation and learning
Stress hormones exhibit pulsatile and circadian cycles, with highest glucocorticoid levels in the morning
Stress interacts with learning and memory, affecting motivation, attention, and memory formation
Both excessive and insufficient glucocorticoids can damage the brain, impact fetal development, and affect adult behavior and brain plasticity
Disruptions in stress homeostasis can lead to health consequences, including Alzheimer's, mental illness, inflammation, and insulin-resistant diabetes
Addison's disease, characterized by low glucocorticoids, leads to fatigue, muscle weakness, and psychological symptoms
Cushing's disease, involving oversecretion of cortisol, leads to immune compromise, increased appetite, diabetes risk, high blood pressure, and fat distribution changes
Development of the adrenal gland starts at 20-25 days of age, with diurnal rhythm not established until 6 months postnatal, making babies highly susceptible to stress
Cortisol levels during pregnancy play a crucial role in fetal development, and high maternal stress is linked to adverse physical, developmental, and behavioral outcomes in babies