Neural Control and Coordination
24 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in the generation of a new potential in the post-synaptic neuron?

  • They inhibit the movement of ions.
  • They bind and open ion channels. (correct)
  • They directly generate action potentials.
  • They are stored in the axon terminal.

    • Which layer of the cranial meninges directly contacts the brain tissue?

  • Dura mater
  • Pia mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid
  • Arachnoid

    • Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing vision, hearing, and speech?

  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain (correct)
  • Limbic system
  • Hindbrain

    • Which type of neuron is characterized by having one axon and two or more dendrites?

    <p>Multipolar neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily controlled by the hindbrain?

    <p>Balance and coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the sodium-potassium pump in a resting neuron?

    <p>To maintain ionic gradients across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated nerve fibers?

    <p>To facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the midbrain in the central nervous system?

    <p>Acting as a relay center for auditory and visual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an action potential arrives at the axon terminal?

    <p>Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane to release neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of axon are Schwann cells associated with the formation of a myelin sheath?

    <p>Myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the polarized state of a neuron's membrane during resting potential?

    <p>Selective permeability to potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the specific receptors for neurotransmitters located?

    <p>On the post-synaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major functions of the brain as the central information processing organ?

    <p>Control voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of neuronal activity is the membrane potential likely to experience depolarization?

    <p>Action potential initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions have a higher concentration inside a resting axon compared to the outside?

    <p>Potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the characteristics of unmyelinated nerve fibers?

    <p>They are enclosed by Schwann cells without forming a myelin sheath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the action potential at site B during impulse conduction in an axon?

    <p>A change in Na+ permeability followed by K+ permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse allows for direct electrical current flow between neurons?

    <p>Electrical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>Transmit impulses across the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is impulse transmission across electrical synapses considered faster than chemical synapses?

    <p>Electrical current flows directly without delays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after K+ diffuses outside the axonal membrane during action potential propagation?

    <p>The resting potential is restored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is essential for the generation of action potentials in axons?

    <p>Sodium ions (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the synaptic cleft at chemical synapses?

    <p>It is a fluid-filled space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the axon's membrane after action potential generation?

    <p>It undergoes rapid repolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Control and Coordination

    • Coordination is the interaction of organs to maintain homeostasis
    • Physical activity increases energy demand, respiration rate, heart rate, and blood flow
    • The neural and endocrine systems coordinate bodily functions
    • The neural system provides point-to-point connections for fast coordination
    • The endocrine system uses hormones for chemical coordination

    Neural System

    • Highly specialized cells called neurons detect, receive, and transmit stimuli
    • Neural organization varies in complexity across species
      • Hydra: simple network
      • Insects: brain and ganglia
      • Vertebrates: more developed system

    Human Neural System

    • Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      • CNS: brain and spinal cord, processes information and controls
      • PNS: nerves connecting CNS to other parts, transmits signals
        • Afferent fibers: transmit impulses from tissues/organs to CNS
        • Efferent fibers: transmit regulatory impulses from CNS
        • Somatic neural system: relays impulses to skeletal muscles
        • Autonomic neural system: relays impulses to involuntary organs, further classified to sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
    • Visceral nervous system: part of the PNS coordinating with viscera

    Neuron (Structural and Functional Unit)

    • Microscopic structures with cell body, dendrites, and axon
      • Cell body: contains cytoplasm and Nissl's granules
      • Dendrites: short fibers extending from cell body, receiving impulses
      • Axon: long fiber, transmits impulses away from cell body to synapse
    • Types of neurons: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, based on axon and dendrite numbers

    Nerve Impulse Generation and Conduction

    • Neurons are excitable, maintained in polarized state
    • Ion channels on neural membranes selectively permeable to specific ions
    • Resting potential: electrical potential difference across resting membrane
      • High K⁺ inside, low K⁺ outside, high Na⁺ outside, low Na⁺ inside
    • Action potential: rapid reversal of membrane polarity
      • Stimulus opens Na⁺ channels, Na⁺ influx, depolarisation
      • Na⁺ channels close, K⁺ channels open, repolarisation

    Synapse

    • Junctions where neurons communicate with each other or with other cells
    • Two types of synapses
      • Electrical synapse: direct transmission of impulse
      • Chemical synapse: neurotransmitters transmit impulse across a cleft

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Brain: central processing organ, coordinates and controls bodily functions
    • Brain structure: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
      • Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
        • Cerebrum: higher mental functions, sensory and motor areas
        • Thalamus: relay center for sensory signals
        • Hypothalamus: vital functions like body temperature, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms, emotions
      • Midbrain: reflexes and eye movement
      • Hindbrain: pons, cerebellum, medulla
        • Pons: connects different brain parts
        • Cerebellum: coordination and balance
        • Medulla oblongata: involuntary actions like breathing and heart rate

    Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

    • Involuntary response to stimulus
      • Sensory receptor detects stimulus
      • Afferent neuron transmits impulse to the CNS (spinal cord)
      • Interneuron (if present) processes impulse in the CNS
      • Efferent neuron transmits impulse from CNS to effector
    • Effector (muscle or gland) responds to impulse

    Sensory Reception and Processing

    • Sensory organs detect environmental changes
    • Signals are processed and interpreted by the brain
    • Specialized receptors for different senses (sight, smell, sound, taste)
      • Eye: light detection, rods and cones
      • Ear: sound detection, cochlea, vestibular apparatus
      • Nose: smell detection
      • Tongue: taste detection

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Neural Control And Coordination PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate systems of neural control and coordination within the human body. Understand how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to manage bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. Learn about the structure and function of the human neural system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser