Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two primary systems that coordinate human body functions?
What are the two primary systems that coordinate human body functions?
- Digestive System and Respiratory System
- Neural System and Endocrine System (correct)
- Circulatory System and Nervous System
- Muscular System and Skeletal System
The central neural system (CNS) comprises all the nerves of the body.
The central neural system (CNS) comprises all the nerves of the body.
False (B)
What role do neurons play in the neural system?
What role do neurons play in the neural system?
Neurons detect, receive, and transmit different kinds of stimuli.
The ________ system provides chemical integration through hormones.
The ________ system provides chemical integration through hormones.
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for information processing and control?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for information processing and control?
The peripheral neural system (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral neural system (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Match the following components of the neural system with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the neural system with their descriptions:
How does physical exercise change the demand for oxygen?
How does physical exercise change the demand for oxygen?
What do afferent nerve fibres do?
What do afferent nerve fibres do?
The autonomic neural system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles.
The autonomic neural system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles.
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The cell body of a neuron contains Nissl’s __________.
The cell body of a neuron contains Nissl’s __________.
Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?
Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the somatic neural system.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the somatic neural system.
Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:
Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:
The part of the PNS that connects the CNS to the viscera is called the __________ nervous system.
The part of the PNS that connects the CNS to the viscera is called the __________ nervous system.
Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?
Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?
All myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal and cranial nerves.
All myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal and cranial nerves.
What are the gaps called between two adjacent myelin sheaths?
What are the gaps called between two adjacent myelin sheaths?
A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is known as a __________ neuron.
A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is known as a __________ neuron.
Match the types of axons with their characteristics:
Match the types of axons with their characteristics:
In a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
In a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).
What do you call the state when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?
What do you call the state when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
The outer surface of the axonal membrane is negatively charged during resting potential.
The outer surface of the axonal membrane is negatively charged during resting potential.
What causes the depolarization of the membrane at point A?
What causes the depolarization of the membrane at point A?
The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called the ______.
The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called the ______.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which ion has a higher concentration outside the axon during resting potential?
Which ion has a higher concentration outside the axon during resting potential?
An applied stimulus makes the membrane at point A less permeable to Na+.
An applied stimulus makes the membrane at point A less permeable to Na+.
What happens to the charges on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?
What happens to the charges on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?
What is the primary function of the action potential in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the action potential in a neuron?
Chemical synapses transmit impulses faster than electrical synapses.
Chemical synapses transmit impulses faster than electrical synapses.
What is the name given to the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?
What is the name given to the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?
The rise in permeability to Na+ is followed by a rise in permeability to _____ during the action potential.
The rise in permeability to Na+ is followed by a rise in permeability to _____ during the action potential.
Match the following terms to their descriptions:
Match the following terms to their descriptions:
What happens immediately after an action potential has been generated at one site of an axon?
What happens immediately after an action potential has been generated at one site of an axon?
Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses in the nervous system.
Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses in the nervous system.
What is the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What is the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?
The cerebellum is responsible for controlling respiration in the brain.
The cerebellum is responsible for controlling respiration in the brain.
What structure passes through the midbrain, connecting different parts of the brain?
What structure passes through the midbrain, connecting different parts of the brain?
The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere is known as __________.
The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere is known as __________.
Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:
Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with coordination and balance?
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with coordination and balance?
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the spinal cord.
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the spinal cord.
Name one of the emotional reactions regulated by the limbic system.
Name one of the emotional reactions regulated by the limbic system.
What is the primary role of the neural system in an organism?
What is the primary role of the neural system in an organism?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
Name the two main divisions of the human neural system.
Name the two main divisions of the human neural system.
The ________ system provides an organized network for quick coordination.
The ________ system provides an organized network for quick coordination.
Match the parts of the central nervous system to their functions:
Match the parts of the central nervous system to their functions:
Which system works together with the neural system to regulate bodily functions via hormones?
Which system works together with the neural system to regulate bodily functions via hormones?
Neurons in the human neural system can detect, receive, and transmit stimuli.
Neurons in the human neural system can detect, receive, and transmit stimuli.
What happens to the activities of organs after physical exercise is stopped?
What happens to the activities of organs after physical exercise is stopped?
What is the primary role of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?
What is the primary role of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?
The cerebral cortex is referred to as white matter due to its lighter appearance.
The cerebral cortex is referred to as white matter due to its lighter appearance.
Name the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain.
Name the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain.
The grey matter of the brain is mainly composed of ________ cell bodies.
The grey matter of the brain is mainly composed of ________ cell bodies.
Match the parts of the brain with their respective functions:
Match the parts of the brain with their respective functions:
What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The midbrain is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as memory and thought.
The midbrain is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as memory and thought.
What ions enter the post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding?
What ions enter the post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding?
Which type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite?
Which type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite?
Myelinated nerve fibers are always found in the autonomic nervous system.
Myelinated nerve fibers are always found in the autonomic nervous system.
What is the primary ion that the axonal membrane is more permeable to during the resting state?
What is the primary ion that the axonal membrane is more permeable to during the resting state?
The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called __________.
The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called __________.
Match the type of axon with its characteristic.
Match the type of axon with its characteristic.
During the resting potential, which ion concentration is higher inside the axon?
During the resting potential, which ion concentration is higher inside the axon?
The axoplasm contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during the resting state.
The axoplasm contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during the resting state.
Name one location where unipolar neurons are commonly found.
Name one location where unipolar neurons are commonly found.
What is the primary function of efferent nerve fibers?
What is the primary function of efferent nerve fibers?
The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs.
The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs.
Name the two subdivisions of the autonomic neural system.
Name the two subdivisions of the autonomic neural system.
The microscopic structure of a neuron is composed of three major parts: cell body, axon, and __________.
The microscopic structure of a neuron is composed of three major parts: cell body, axon, and __________.
Match the following components of the peripheral nervous system with their functions:
Match the following components of the peripheral nervous system with their functions:
What structure at the distal end of an axon contains neurotransmitters?
What structure at the distal end of an axon contains neurotransmitters?
The visceral nervous system consists solely of autonomic nerve fibers.
The visceral nervous system consists solely of autonomic nerve fibers.
Nissl's granules are found in the __________ of a neuron.
Nissl's granules are found in the __________ of a neuron.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?
The cerebellum is responsible for regulating emotional reactions.
The cerebellum is responsible for regulating emotional reactions.
What neural structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?
What neural structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?
The ________ is involved in processing sensory signals.
The ________ is involved in processing sensory signals.
Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:
Which structure is part of the limbic system?
Which structure is part of the limbic system?
The midbrain is located between the thalamus and the spinal cord.
The midbrain is located between the thalamus and the spinal cord.
What is the name given to the fibre covering on the tracts in the central nervous system?
What is the name given to the fibre covering on the tracts in the central nervous system?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
The synaptic cleft is the space between the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.
What structure connects the two halves of the cerebrum?
What structure connects the two halves of the cerebrum?
The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Match the brain regions with their primary functions:
Match the brain regions with their primary functions:
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of impulses across a chemical synapse?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of impulses across a chemical synapse?
The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking.
The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking.
What is the main difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
What is the main difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
What is the primary function of the peripheral neural system (PNS)?
What is the primary function of the peripheral neural system (PNS)?
The neural system in vertebrates is less developed compared to lower invertebrates.
The neural system in vertebrates is less developed compared to lower invertebrates.
Name the two main parts of the human neural system.
Name the two main parts of the human neural system.
During physical exercise, an increased demand for ________ is necessary to maintain muscular activity.
During physical exercise, an increased demand for ________ is necessary to maintain muscular activity.
Match each component of the neural system with its description:
Match each component of the neural system with its description:
Which system works alongside the neural system to coordinate organ functions?
Which system works alongside the neural system to coordinate organ functions?
The coordination of organ systems is not necessary for maintaining homeostasis.
The coordination of organ systems is not necessary for maintaining homeostasis.
What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?
What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?
During depolarization, the outer surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged.
During depolarization, the outer surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged.
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
The process that causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become positively charged is called __________.
The process that causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become positively charged is called __________.
What occurs at point A when a stimulus is applied to the axonal membrane?
What occurs at point A when a stimulus is applied to the axonal membrane?
The fluid inside the axon has a high concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions.
The fluid inside the axon has a high concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions.
What charge does the inner surface of the membrane acquire during depolarization?
What charge does the inner surface of the membrane acquire during depolarization?
What do efferent nerve fibres primarily transmit?
What do efferent nerve fibres primarily transmit?
The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs.
The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs.
What are the two major types of nerve fibres in the peripheral nervous system?
What are the two major types of nerve fibres in the peripheral nervous system?
The __________ nervous system includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The __________ nervous system includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Match the following parts of a neuron with their functions:
Match the following parts of a neuron with their functions:
Which part of the nervous system mainly relays impulses to skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system mainly relays impulses to skeletal muscles?
Neurons are composed of four major parts: cell body, axon, dendrites, and myelin sheath.
Neurons are composed of four major parts: cell body, axon, dendrites, and myelin sheath.
The part of the neuron that contains Nissl's granules is the __________.
The part of the neuron that contains Nissl's granules is the __________.
Which part of the forebrain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?
Which part of the forebrain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?
The cerebellum is primarily involved in processing emotional reactions.
The cerebellum is primarily involved in processing emotional reactions.
What are neurotransmitters?
What are neurotransmitters?
The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.
The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.
Which part of the CNS connects different regions of the brain?
Which part of the CNS connects different regions of the brain?
The limbic system is only associated with olfaction.
The limbic system is only associated with olfaction.
What is the primary function of action potentials in neurons?
What is the primary function of action potentials in neurons?
Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the cerebral cortex.
Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the cerebral cortex.
What are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths called?
What are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths called?
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of __________ ions.
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of __________ ions.
Match the following types of axons with their characteristics:
Match the following types of axons with their characteristics:
Unipolar neurons are commonly found in the embryonic stage.
Unipolar neurons are commonly found in the embryonic stage.
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What appearance do the myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemisphere give to the white matter?
What appearance do the myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemisphere give to the white matter?
The medulla controls voluntary motor functions in the body.
The medulla controls voluntary motor functions in the body.
What structure wraps around the thalamus in the brain?
What structure wraps around the thalamus in the brain?
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, urge for __________, and drinking.
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, urge for __________, and drinking.
Match the following brain components with their primary functions:
Match the following brain components with their primary functions:
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of emotions?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of emotions?
The midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.
The midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.
What is the anatomical term for the canal that passes through the midbrain?
What is the anatomical term for the canal that passes through the midbrain?
Which system is responsible for the quick coordination of body activities?
Which system is responsible for the quick coordination of body activities?
The central nervous system includes all the nerves in the body.
The central nervous system includes all the nerves in the body.
What are the two parts of the human neural system?
What are the two parts of the human neural system?
The _______ system provides an organized network of connections for quick coordination.
The _______ system provides an organized network of connections for quick coordination.
Match the following parts of the neural system with their descriptions:
Match the following parts of the neural system with their descriptions:
What happens to organ functions when physical exercise is stopped?
What happens to organ functions when physical exercise is stopped?
The endocrine system primarily uses electrical signals for coordination.
The endocrine system primarily uses electrical signals for coordination.
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
Myelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic nervous system.
Myelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic nervous system.
What forms the myelin sheath around myelinated nerve fibers?
What forms the myelin sheath around myelinated nerve fibers?
The nodes of ________ are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths.
The nodes of ________ are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths.
In a resting state, the axonal membrane is primarily permeable to which ion?
In a resting state, the axonal membrane is primarily permeable to which ion?
The axoplasm of a neuron contains a high concentration of Na+ ions during resting potential.
The axoplasm of a neuron contains a high concentration of Na+ ions during resting potential.
What is the state called when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?
What is the state called when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?
The autonomic neural system only transmits impulses to voluntary muscles.
The autonomic neural system only transmits impulses to voluntary muscles.
The _____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the viscera.
The _____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the viscera.
Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:
Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:
Which part of the nervous system relays impulses to skeletal muscles?
Which part of the nervous system relays impulses to skeletal muscles?
Neurons are composed of four main parts.
Neurons are composed of four main parts.
What are the bulb-like structures at the end of axons called?
What are the bulb-like structures at the end of axons called?
What causes the restoration of the resting potential after an action potential?
What causes the restoration of the resting potential after an action potential?
Transmission of impulses across chemical synapses is always faster than that across electrical synapses.
Transmission of impulses across chemical synapses is always faster than that across electrical synapses.
A nerve impulse is known as an action ________.
A nerve impulse is known as an action ________.
Match the following types of synapses with their characteristics:
Match the following types of synapses with their characteristics:
Which ion concentration increases permeability shortly after the initiation of an action potential?
Which ion concentration increases permeability shortly after the initiation of an action potential?
Electrical synapses are more abundant than chemical synapses in the nervous system.
Electrical synapses are more abundant than chemical synapses in the nervous system.
What happens to the charge distribution on the axon membrane during depolarization?
What happens to the charge distribution on the axon membrane during depolarization?
What is the primary function of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?
What is the primary function of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movements?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movements?
The inner layer of the cranial meninges that is in contact with the brain tissue is called __________.
The inner layer of the cranial meninges that is in contact with the brain tissue is called __________.
Match the parts of the brain with their corresponding functions:
Match the parts of the brain with their corresponding functions:
Which region of the brain does NOT form part of the hindbrain?
Which region of the brain does NOT form part of the hindbrain?
What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
The brain is protected by the cranial meninges and the skull.
The brain is protected by the cranial meninges and the skull.
What gives the white matter of the brain its characteristic appearance?
What gives the white matter of the brain its characteristic appearance?
The medulla is responsible for controlling balance and coordination.
The medulla is responsible for controlling balance and coordination.
What structure is located at the base of the thalamus and regulates body temperature and urges for eating and drinking?
What structure is located at the base of the thalamus and regulates body temperature and urges for eating and drinking?
The ________ connects the brain to the spinal cord.
The ________ connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior and emotional reactions?
Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior and emotional reactions?
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the hindbrain.
The cerebral aqueduct passes through the hindbrain.
What are thyroid hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells called?
What are thyroid hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells called?
Which system provides an organized network for quick coordination within the body?
Which system provides an organized network for quick coordination within the body?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for processing and controlling information.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for processing and controlling information.
What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
The ________ system is involved in chemical integration through hormones.
The ________ system is involved in chemical integration through hormones.
Match the following components of the neural system with their functions:
Match the following components of the neural system with their functions:
What happens to the activities of nerves, lungs, heart, and kidney when physical exercise stops?
What happens to the activities of nerves, lungs, heart, and kidney when physical exercise stops?
The vertebrate neural system is less developed than that of lower invertebrates.
The vertebrate neural system is less developed than that of lower invertebrates.
What type of cells are the building blocks of the neural system?
What type of cells are the building blocks of the neural system?
Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?
Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?
The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles.
The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles.
What are the three major parts of a neuron?
What are the three major parts of a neuron?
The _____ nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
The _____ nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
Match the following types of nerve fibres with their functions:
Match the following types of nerve fibres with their functions:
What is the role of synaptic knobs in neurons?
What is the role of synaptic knobs in neurons?
Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.
Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is comprised of nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the viscera?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system is comprised of nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the viscera?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
The cerebrum is non-divided and forms the major part of the human brain.
The cerebrum is non-divided and forms the major part of the human brain.
What is the name of the layer that covers the brain and consists of three layers?
What is the name of the layer that covers the brain and consists of three layers?
The outer layer of the cranial meninges is called __________.
The outer layer of the cranial meninges is called __________.
Match the parts of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the parts of the brain with their primary functions:
Which area of the brain is involved in thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst?
Which area of the brain is involved in thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst?
Unmyelinated nerve fibers have a myelin sheath.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers have a myelin sheath.
The forebrain is composed of the cerebrum, thalamus, and spinal cord.
The forebrain is composed of the cerebrum, thalamus, and spinal cord.
What term is used for the folded layer of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres?
What term is used for the folded layer of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres?
The membrane of a neuron is primarily more permeable to __________ ions at rest.
The membrane of a neuron is primarily more permeable to __________ ions at rest.
Which type of neuron is primarily found in the embryonic stage?
Which type of neuron is primarily found in the embryonic stage?
During resting potential, sodium ions (Na+) have a higher concentration inside the axon compared to outside.
During resting potential, sodium ions (Na+) have a higher concentration inside the axon compared to outside.
Name the ion channels that are selectively permeable on the neural membrane.
Name the ion channels that are selectively permeable on the neural membrane.
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
The midbrain is located between the pons and the hypothalamus.
The midbrain is located between the pons and the hypothalamus.
What structures make up the hindbrain?
What structures make up the hindbrain?
The ________ provides connections between the brain and spinal cord.
The ________ provides connections between the brain and spinal cord.
Which part of the brain is significant for the regulation of emotional reactions?
Which part of the brain is significant for the regulation of emotional reactions?
Match the following components of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following components of the brain with their primary functions:
All axons in the human body are myelinated.
All axons in the human body are myelinated.
What are the round swellings found in the dorsal portion of the midbrain called?
What are the round swellings found in the dorsal portion of the midbrain called?
Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature and hunger?
Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature and hunger?
The midbrain is primarily responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular reflexes.
The midbrain is primarily responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular reflexes.
The __________ connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
The __________ connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
What structure is involved in emotional responses and motivation?
What structure is involved in emotional responses and motivation?
The peripheral neural system comprises the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral neural system comprises the brain and spinal cord.
Name one function of the cerebellum.
Name one function of the cerebellum.
Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by a Schwann cell that forms a myelin sheath.
Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by a Schwann cell that forms a myelin sheath.
The axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of _____ and negatively charged proteins.
The axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of _____ and negatively charged proteins.
Which type of ion is the axonal membrane more permeable to during resting potential?
Which type of ion is the axonal membrane more permeable to during resting potential?
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in autonomous and somatic neural systems.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in autonomous and somatic neural systems.
When a neuron is at rest, the membrane is nearly impermeable to _____ ions.
When a neuron is at rest, the membrane is nearly impermeable to _____ ions.
Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?
The efferent nerve fibres relay impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.
The efferent nerve fibres relay impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.
The primary components of a neuron are the cell body, __________, and axon.
The primary components of a neuron are the cell body, __________, and axon.
What is the main function of the parasympathetic neural system?
What is the main function of the parasympathetic neural system?
The visceral nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The visceral nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What do neurotransmitters do at the synaptic knob?
What do neurotransmitters do at the synaptic knob?
What part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordination and balance?
What part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordination and balance?
The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling respiration.
The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling respiration.
What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
Match the parts of the brain with their functions:
Match the parts of the brain with their functions:
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?
The synaptic cleft separates the pre-synaptic neuron from the post-synaptic neuron.
The synaptic cleft separates the pre-synaptic neuron from the post-synaptic neuron.
Which part of the human brain is primarily responsible for emotional regulation?
Which part of the human brain is primarily responsible for emotional regulation?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?
What happens to the axonal membrane at site A when a stimulus is applied?
What happens to the axonal membrane at site A when a stimulus is applied?
During the depolarization of the axon, what happens to the polarity at site A?
During the depolarization of the axon, what happens to the polarity at site A?
Match the terms with their descriptions:
Match the terms with their descriptions:
The influx of Na+ during action potential leads to a decrease in membrane potential.
The influx of Na+ during action potential leads to a decrease in membrane potential.
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
The cerebral cortex is referred to as gray matter due to its color and concentration of neuron cell bodies.
The cerebral cortex is referred to as gray matter due to its color and concentration of neuron cell bodies.
What are the three major parts of the brain?
What are the three major parts of the brain?
The deep cleft divides the cerebrum into two halves called the ________ hemispheres.
The deep cleft divides the cerebrum into two halves called the ________ hemispheres.
Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?
The forebrain is the smallest part of the human brain.
The forebrain is the smallest part of the human brain.
Name the three layers of the cranial meninges.
Name the three layers of the cranial meninges.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Name one of the components that make up the hindbrain.
Name one of the components that make up the hindbrain.
Which part of the midbrain contains corpora quadrigemina?
Which part of the midbrain contains corpora quadrigemina?
The limbic system is involved only in emotion and does not regulate motivation.
The limbic system is involved only in emotion and does not regulate motivation.
What is the function of the nerve impulse along the axon membrane?
What is the function of the nerve impulse along the axon membrane?
What is the primary role of the central neural system (CNS)?
What is the primary role of the central neural system (CNS)?
Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and one axon?
Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and one axon?
What two systems coordinate to ensure the organs function in a synchronized fashion?
What two systems coordinate to ensure the organs function in a synchronized fashion?
The myelinated nerve fibers are identified by the presence of Schwann cells.
The myelinated nerve fibers are identified by the presence of Schwann cells.
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called __________.
The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called __________.
Which structure connects various parts of the brain?
Which structure connects various parts of the brain?
Which ion is primarily impermeable to the axonal membrane when a neuron is at rest?
Which ion is primarily impermeable to the axonal membrane when a neuron is at rest?
The human neural system is less organized compared to that of lower invertebrates.
The human neural system is less organized compared to that of lower invertebrates.
What happens to the functions of the organs after physical exercise is stopped?
What happens to the functions of the organs after physical exercise is stopped?
Bipolar neurons are found exclusively in the cerebral cortex.
Bipolar neurons are found exclusively in the cerebral cortex.
What type of nerve fibers are typically found in the autonomous and somatic neural systems?
What type of nerve fibers are typically found in the autonomous and somatic neural systems?
What layer of the cranial meninges is in contact with the brain tissue?
What layer of the cranial meninges is in contact with the brain tissue?
The cerebral cortex is known as white matter due to its lighter appearance.
The cerebral cortex is known as white matter due to its lighter appearance.
What part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions?
What part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions?
The ________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.
The ________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.
What initiates the generation of an action potential at site B?
What initiates the generation of an action potential at site B?
What is the role of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?
What is the role of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?
The ________ separates the membranes of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons at a chemical synapse.
The ________ separates the membranes of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons at a chemical synapse.
The forebrain consists only of the cerebrum.
The forebrain consists only of the cerebrum.
Match the following ions with their roles during the action potential:
Match the following ions with their roles during the action potential:
Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?
Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?
A nerve impulse can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons.
A nerve impulse can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons.
What is the condition of the axonal membrane during resting potential?
What is the condition of the axonal membrane during resting potential?
What gives the white matter its opaque white appearance?
What gives the white matter its opaque white appearance?
The hypothalamus plays a significant role in regulating emotions such as pleasure and rage.
The hypothalamus plays a significant role in regulating emotions such as pleasure and rage.
What connects the brain to the spinal cord?
What connects the brain to the spinal cord?
The part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance is the __________.
The part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance is the __________.
Match the following regions of the brain to their primary functions:
Match the following regions of the brain to their primary functions:
Which of the following statement is true regarding the midbrain?
Which of the following statement is true regarding the midbrain?
The limbic system is not involved in the motivation and emotional reactions.
The limbic system is not involved in the motivation and emotional reactions.
What structure passes through the midbrain?
What structure passes through the midbrain?
The hindbrain includes the cerebrum and thalamus.
The hindbrain includes the cerebrum and thalamus.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?
The __________ connects the two halves of the cerebrum.
The __________ connects the two halves of the cerebrum.
Match the brain parts with their functions:
Match the brain parts with their functions:
Which of the following describes the function of the limbic system?
Which of the following describes the function of the limbic system?
Action potential involves a rise in permeability to potassium ions (K+).
Action potential involves a rise in permeability to potassium ions (K+).
Name one major component of the central nervous system (CNS).
Name one major component of the central nervous system (CNS).
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters at the synapse?
An action potential is produced when a stimulus increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ ions.
An action potential is produced when a stimulus increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ ions.
What element is transported outward by the sodium-potassium pump?
What element is transported outward by the sodium-potassium pump?
What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?
What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?
The fluid-filled space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.
The fluid-filled space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.
During resting potential, the inner surface of the axonal membrane is positively charged.
During resting potential, the inner surface of the axonal membrane is positively charged.
What is the term for the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
What is the term for the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
Which type of synapse allows the direct flow of electrical current between neurons?
Which type of synapse allows the direct flow of electrical current between neurons?
The membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________ when a stimulus is applied.
The membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________ when a stimulus is applied.
What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane when depolarization occurs?
What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane when depolarization occurs?
At which site is the action potential generated during the process described?
At which site is the action potential generated during the process described?
Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is slower than across a chemical synapse.
Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is slower than across a chemical synapse.
Match the components of action potential with their actions:
Match the components of action potential with their actions:
The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions out of the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions out of the cell.
What causes the reversal of polarity at site A when a stimulus is applied?
What causes the reversal of polarity at site A when a stimulus is applied?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for the regulation of emotions.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for the regulation of emotions.
What are the two main components of the human neural system?
What are the two main components of the human neural system?
The ________ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The ________ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Which part of the brain integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs?
Which part of the brain integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs?
Match each part of the brain with its primary function:
Match each part of the brain with its primary function:
Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses at electrical synapses.
Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses at electrical synapses.
What role do sodium ions (Na+) play in the generation of action potentials?
What role do sodium ions (Na+) play in the generation of action potentials?
What type of nerve fibres carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?
What type of nerve fibres carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?
The autonomic neural system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The autonomic neural system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary organs is called the __________ neural system.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary organs is called the __________ neural system.
Which structure forms the distal end of the axon at a synapse?
Which structure forms the distal end of the axon at a synapse?
Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body.
What are neurotransmitters and where are they found?
What are neurotransmitters and where are they found?
What gives the white appearance to the layer of the cerebral hemisphere?
What gives the white appearance to the layer of the cerebral hemisphere?
The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking.
The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking.
What are the three major regions that comprise the brainstem?
What are the three major regions that comprise the brainstem?
The complex structure involved in the regulation of emotions and motivation is known as the ________ system.
The complex structure involved in the regulation of emotions and motivation is known as the ________ system.
Match the following structures of the brain with their functions:
Match the following structures of the brain with their functions:
Which part of the brain lies at the base of the thalamus?
Which part of the brain lies at the base of the thalamus?
The midbrain contains structures known as corpora quadrigemina.
The midbrain contains structures known as corpora quadrigemina.
The canal that passes through the midbrain is called the ________ aqueduct.
The canal that passes through the midbrain is called the ________ aqueduct.
Which of the following neuron types has one axon and two or more dendrites?
Which of the following neuron types has one axon and two or more dendrites?
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic and somatic neural systems.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic and somatic neural systems.
Myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped by __________ which forms a myelin sheath.
Myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped by __________ which forms a myelin sheath.
During rest, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
During rest, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
The axoplasm inside the axon contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).
The axoplasm inside the axon contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).
What does the CNS primarily consist of?
What does the CNS primarily consist of?
The peripheral neural system (PNS) is responsible for processing information and control.
The peripheral neural system (PNS) is responsible for processing information and control.
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the functions of the neural system?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the functions of the neural system?
The ________ system provides a network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.
The ________ system provides a network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.
Which of the following best describes the function of the endocrine system?
Which of the following best describes the function of the endocrine system?
The neural system in lower invertebrates is more complex than that in vertebrates.
The neural system in lower invertebrates is more complex than that in vertebrates.
What happens to the activities of the body systems after physical exercise is stopped?
What happens to the activities of the body systems after physical exercise is stopped?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?
What happens to the membrane's permeability during the action potential?
What happens to the membrane's permeability during the action potential?
Match the following components of synaptic transmission with their descriptions:
Match the following components of synaptic transmission with their descriptions:
What initiates current flow from site A to site B in an axon?
What initiates current flow from site A to site B in an axon?
The rise in permeability to Na+ is short-lived and followed by a rise in permeability to Ca2+.
The rise in permeability to Na+ is short-lived and followed by a rise in permeability to Ca2+.
Describe the nature of electrical synapses.
Describe the nature of electrical synapses.
What is the outcome of the sodium-potassium pump's activity at rest?
What is the outcome of the sodium-potassium pump's activity at rest?
The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during resting potential.
The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during resting potential.
What is called when the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane is established?
What is called when the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane is established?
An influx of Na+ during a stimulus results in the __________ of the membrane.
An influx of Na+ during a stimulus results in the __________ of the membrane.
What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?
What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?
The axon ends in structures called __________ that contain neurotransmitters.
The axon ends in structures called __________ that contain neurotransmitters.
Which division of the autonomic neural system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the autonomic neural system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
A stimulus decreases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ at the site of application.
A stimulus decreases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ at the site of application.
What happens to the charge of the membrane at site A during depolarization?
What happens to the charge of the membrane at site A during depolarization?
The autonomic neural system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The autonomic neural system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
What structure comprises the whole complex of nerves and fibers transmitting impulses between the CNS and the viscera?
What structure comprises the whole complex of nerves and fibers transmitting impulses between the CNS and the viscera?
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?
The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
The _______ is responsible for thermoregulation and controlling hunger.
The _______ is responsible for thermoregulation and controlling hunger.
Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
What type of potential can be generated in the post-synaptic neuron?
What type of potential can be generated in the post-synaptic neuron?
The dura mater is the innermost layer of the cranial meninges.
The dura mater is the innermost layer of the cranial meninges.
What are the neurotransmitters responsible for at the synapse?
What are the neurotransmitters responsible for at the synapse?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking?
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking?
The midbrain is involved in processing visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.
The midbrain is involved in processing visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.
What is the name of the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?
What is the name of the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?
The __________ integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system.
The __________ integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system.
Which of the following correctly differentiates between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
Which of the following correctly differentiates between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
The limbic system is primarily involved with motor control and sensory processing.
The limbic system is primarily involved with motor control and sensory processing.
Which ion is essential for generating an action potential in a neuron?
Which ion is essential for generating an action potential in a neuron?
What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?
What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?
During the resting potential, the outer surface of the axonal membrane has a negative charge.
During the resting potential, the outer surface of the axonal membrane has a negative charge.
What change occurs at point A of the axonal membrane when a stimulus is applied?
What change occurs at point A of the axonal membrane when a stimulus is applied?
The difference in electrical charge across the resting plasma membrane is referred to as the __________.
The difference in electrical charge across the resting plasma membrane is referred to as the __________.
What happens to the charge on the outer surface of the membrane when depolarization occurs?
What happens to the charge on the outer surface of the membrane when depolarization occurs?
Match the following ions with their concentration during resting potential:
Match the following ions with their concentration during resting potential:
At which point does the sodium influx primarily occur during nerve impulse transmission?
At which point does the sodium influx primarily occur during nerve impulse transmission?
The inner side of the axonal membrane is positively charged during resting potential.
The inner side of the axonal membrane is positively charged during resting potential.
A neuron has a polarized membrane in its __________ state.
A neuron has a polarized membrane in its __________ state.
During the resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
During the resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during resting potential.
The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during resting potential.
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
What is the primary function of Schwann cells?
The central neural system includes all the nerves of the body.
The central neural system includes all the nerves of the body.
What is the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the neural system?
What is the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the neural system?
The human neural system is responsible for detecting, receiving, and transmitting different kinds of __________.
The human neural system is responsible for detecting, receiving, and transmitting different kinds of __________.
Which component is NOT part of the central neural system?
Which component is NOT part of the central neural system?
What role do muscles, lungs, heart, and kidneys play during physical exercise?
What role do muscles, lungs, heart, and kidneys play during physical exercise?
All animals have a highly specialized neural system composed of neurons.
All animals have a highly specialized neural system composed of neurons.
What triggers the generation of an action potential at site B?
What triggers the generation of an action potential at site B?
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals involved in impulse transmission at chemical synapses.
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals involved in impulse transmission at chemical synapses.
What are the two types of synapses mentioned in the content?
What are the two types of synapses mentioned in the content?
The flow of current across electrical synapses is very similar to conduction along a __________.
The flow of current across electrical synapses is very similar to conduction along a __________.
Match the following ion movements with their effects during an action potential:
Match the following ion movements with their effects during an action potential:
Which statement accurately describes electrical synapses?
Which statement accurately describes electrical synapses?
Chemical synapses are found in very close proximity with no gaps between the neurons.
Chemical synapses are found in very close proximity with no gaps between the neurons.
What is the role of the vesicles at the axon terminals?
What is the role of the vesicles at the axon terminals?
What is the role of the cerebral cortex?
What is the role of the cerebral cortex?
The forebrain consists solely of the cerebellum.
The forebrain consists solely of the cerebellum.
What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
The primary function of the __________ is to regulate hunger and thirst.
The primary function of the __________ is to regulate hunger and thirst.
Match the following components of the brain to their functions:
Match the following components of the brain to their functions:
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?
What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?
The midbrain is part of the hindbrain.
The midbrain is part of the hindbrain.
What is the outer layer of the cranial meninges called?
What is the outer layer of the cranial meninges called?
The limbic system is primarily concerned with movement coordination and balance.
The limbic system is primarily concerned with movement coordination and balance.
What separates the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons in a synapse?
What separates the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons in a synapse?
The ________ is the part of the brain that integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.
The ________ is the part of the brain that integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.
Which component is part of the central neural system (CNS)?
Which component is part of the central neural system (CNS)?
In regards to the generation of action potential, what role does Na+ play?
In regards to the generation of action potential, what role does Na+ play?
When a stimulus is applied, the membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________.
When a stimulus is applied, the membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________.
The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during depolarization.
The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during depolarization.
What type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS?
What type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS?
What happens immediately when depolarization occurs at a site of the axon?
What happens immediately when depolarization occurs at a site of the axon?
The __________ nervous system is involved in regulating the body's involuntary actions.
The __________ nervous system is involved in regulating the body's involuntary actions.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?
Neurons are the primary functional units of the endocrine system.
Neurons are the primary functional units of the endocrine system.
What is the function of neurotransmitters in a neuron?
What is the function of neurotransmitters in a neuron?
What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
The impulse transmitted across electrical synapses is slower than that across chemical synapses.
The impulse transmitted across electrical synapses is slower than that across chemical synapses.
What term is used to describe the gap between a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron?
What term is used to describe the gap between a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron?
What restores the resting potential of the membrane after an action potential?
What restores the resting potential of the membrane after an action potential?
Neurotransmitters are released from the post-synaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released from the post-synaptic neuron.
What happens to the membrane's charge during depolarization at site A?
What happens to the membrane's charge during depolarization at site A?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling respiration.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling respiration.
The ________ is involved in the regulation of emotional reactions and motivations.
The ________ is involved in the regulation of emotional reactions and motivations.
Match the following brain regions with their primary functions:
Match the following brain regions with their primary functions:
Which part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of heartbeat and blood pressure?
Which part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of heartbeat and blood pressure?
The white matter of the brain appears gray due to the myelin sheath covering the fibers.
The white matter of the brain appears gray due to the myelin sheath covering the fibers.
What part of the neural system is primarily responsible for integrating functions and homeostatic activities?
What part of the neural system is primarily responsible for integrating functions and homeostatic activities?
What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?
What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for processing information from the sensory organs.
The cerebellum is primarily responsible for processing information from the sensory organs.
The gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron is called the __________.
The gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron is called the __________.
Match the following brain parts with their functions:
Match the following brain parts with their functions:
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for excitatory potentials in the post-synaptic neuron?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for excitatory potentials in the post-synaptic neuron?
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?
The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
The synaptic cleft is the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
What are association areas responsible for?
What are association areas responsible for?
The __________ integrates information from the auditory system and balances.
The __________ integrates information from the auditory system and balances.
What process occurs at the synapse to transmit impulse from one neuron to another?
What process occurs at the synapse to transmit impulse from one neuron to another?
The limbic system is responsible for processing olfaction and emotional reactions.
The limbic system is responsible for processing olfaction and emotional reactions.
Name the parts of the brain divided into three major sections.
Name the parts of the brain divided into three major sections.
During resting potential, the axonal membrane is more permeable to _______ ions.
During resting potential, the axonal membrane is more permeable to _______ ions.
What type of membrane potential allows neurons to generate and conduct impulses?
What type of membrane potential allows neurons to generate and conduct impulses?
Name the two types of axons.
Name the two types of axons.
What is primarily responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the axonal membrane?
What is primarily responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the axonal membrane?
What term describes the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
What term describes the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?
When a neuron is stimulated, the membrane at the site of stimulation becomes freely permeable to __________.
When a neuron is stimulated, the membrane at the site of stimulation becomes freely permeable to __________.
Match the following ionic states with their charges during the resting potential:
Match the following ionic states with their charges during the resting potential:
What occurs immediately after a stimulus is applied to a neuron?
What occurs immediately after a stimulus is applied to a neuron?
The inner side of the axonal membrane becomes positively charged when depolarized.
The inner side of the axonal membrane becomes positively charged when depolarized.
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of body temperature, eating, and drinking?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of body temperature, eating, and drinking?
The limbic system is responsible for memory and emotional responses.
The limbic system is responsible for memory and emotional responses.
What are neurotransmitters and their role in the nervous system?
What are neurotransmitters and their role in the nervous system?
The ________ connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.
The ________ connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Which of the following statements about the peripheral neural system (PNS) is correct?
Which of the following statements about the peripheral neural system (PNS) is correct?
The medulla is part of the forebrain.
The medulla is part of the forebrain.
The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is known as the ________.
The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is known as the ________.
Which part of the neural system is responsible for chemical integration through hormones?
Which part of the neural system is responsible for chemical integration through hormones?
The peripheral neural system consists only of the spinal cord.
The peripheral neural system consists only of the spinal cord.
What are the two main divisions of the human neural system?
What are the two main divisions of the human neural system?
A network of neurons is found in lower invertebrates such as ________.
A network of neurons is found in lower invertebrates such as ________.
What is the role of neurons in the neural system?
What is the role of neurons in the neural system?
The central neural system includes the brain but not the spinal cord.
The central neural system includes the brain but not the spinal cord.
The limbic system is only responsible for emotional reactions and does not involve motivation.
The limbic system is only responsible for emotional reactions and does not involve motivation.
The __________ of the brain controls respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.
The __________ of the brain controls respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.
Which part of the brain is involved in the expression of emotional reactions such as pleasure and rage?
Which part of the brain is involved in the expression of emotional reactions such as pleasure and rage?
The white matter of the brain is composed of neuronal cell bodies.
The white matter of the brain is composed of neuronal cell bodies.
What is the electrical potential difference across the resting neural membrane called?
What is the electrical potential difference across the resting neural membrane called?
What is the primary role of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?
What is the primary role of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?
The transmission of impulses across electrical synapses is always slower than that at chemical synapses.
The transmission of impulses across electrical synapses is always slower than that at chemical synapses.
What occurs immediately after sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the neuron during an action potential?
What occurs immediately after sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the neuron during an action potential?
Neurotransmitters are released from the __________ of a pre-synaptic neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released from the __________ of a pre-synaptic neuron.
Match the following ions with their roles in action potential generation:
Match the following ions with their roles in action potential generation:
What type of synapse allows for electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another?
What type of synapse allows for electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another?
An action potential generates a negative charge on the outer surface of the axon membrane during depolarization.
An action potential generates a negative charge on the outer surface of the axon membrane during depolarization.
Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of nerve impulses.
Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of nerve impulses.
The cerebrum is part of the midbrain.
The cerebrum is part of the midbrain.
What is the primary command and control system of the body?
What is the primary command and control system of the body?
What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The cerebral cortex contains mostly myelinated neurons.
The cerebral cortex contains mostly myelinated neurons.
What is known as the grey matter in the brain?
What is known as the grey matter in the brain?
What gives the white matter its characteristic appearance?
What gives the white matter its characteristic appearance?
The medulla is responsible for controlling respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.
The medulla is responsible for controlling respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.
The ________ is a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling.
The ________ is a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling.
Match the following structures of the brain with their primary functions:
Match the following structures of the brain with their primary functions:
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating emotional reactions such as pleasure and fear?
Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating emotional reactions such as pleasure and fear?
The midbrain contains the pons and the medulla.
The midbrain contains the pons and the medulla.
The inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, form the ________ lobe.
The inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, form the ________ lobe.
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
The human neural system consists only of the central nervous system (CNS).
The human neural system consists only of the central nervous system (CNS).
The ________ system provides quick coordination through a network of point-to-point connections.
The ________ system provides quick coordination through a network of point-to-point connections.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to various organs and systems in the body.
The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to various organs and systems in the body.
What type of cells compose the neural system for the detection and transmission of stimuli?
What type of cells compose the neural system for the detection and transmission of stimuli?
What ion concentration is higher outside the axon during resting potential?
What ion concentration is higher outside the axon during resting potential?
The sodium-potassium pump transports 3 Na+ ions into the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped out.
The sodium-potassium pump transports 3 Na+ ions into the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped out.
When a stimulus is applied at point A, the membrane becomes permeable to _____ ions.
When a stimulus is applied at point A, the membrane becomes permeable to _____ ions.
Match the following stages of action potential with their descriptions:
Match the following stages of action potential with their descriptions:
What change occurs at point A during depolarization?
What change occurs at point A during depolarization?
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are more common in the cranial and spinal nerves than in the autonomic nervous system.
Unmyelinated nerve fibers are more common in the cranial and spinal nerves than in the autonomic nervous system.
The inner surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge during resting potential.
The inner surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge during resting potential.
What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become negatively charged?
What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become negatively charged?
The ________ state of a neuron exists when it is not conducting any impulse.
The ________ state of a neuron exists when it is not conducting any impulse.
Which ion is more permeable in a resting neuron?
Which ion is more permeable in a resting neuron?
The axoplasm inside the axon contains a low concentration of Na+ during resting potential.
The axoplasm inside the axon contains a low concentration of Na+ during resting potential.
What kind of neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses across synapses?
What kind of neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses across synapses?
The autonomic neural system controls voluntary actions.
The autonomic neural system controls voluntary actions.
The part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is called the __________.
The part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is called the __________.
Which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles?
Which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the peripheral nervous system.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the peripheral nervous system.
Flashcards
Neural Coordination
Neural Coordination
The process where multiple organs work together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for information processing and control.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of all nerves connected to the CNS, responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.
Neuron
Neuron
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Neural System
Neural System
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Human Nervous System
Human Nervous System
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Coordination
Coordination
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Organ Coordination
Organ Coordination
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Afferent nerve fibers
Afferent nerve fibers
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Efferent nerve fibers
Efferent nerve fibers
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Somatic neural system
Somatic neural system
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Autonomic neural system
Autonomic neural system
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Cell body (neuron)
Cell body (neuron)
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Dendrites
Dendrites
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Axon
Axon
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Neuron Types
Neuron Types
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Multipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
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Bipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
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Unipolar Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
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Myelinated Nerve Fiber
Myelinated Nerve Fiber
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Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier
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Axon Polarization
Axon Polarization
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Ion Channels
Ion Channels
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Action Potential
Action Potential
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Nerve Impulse
Nerve Impulse
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How is the action potential conducted?
How is the action potential conducted?
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Depolarization
Depolarization
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Synapse
Synapse
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Synaptic Cleft
Synaptic Cleft
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
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How do neurotransmitters work?
How do neurotransmitters work?
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Resting Potential
Resting Potential
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
Sodium-Potassium Pump
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What maintains the ionic gradient?
What maintains the ionic gradient?
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What causes Depolarization?
What causes Depolarization?
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Why is the outer surface of the axonal membrane positive?
Why is the outer surface of the axonal membrane positive?
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Why is the inner surface of the axonal membrane negative?
Why is the inner surface of the axonal membrane negative?
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White matter
White matter
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Limbic system
Limbic system
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Midbrain
Midbrain
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Corpora quadrigemina
Corpora quadrigemina
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Hindbrain
Hindbrain
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Coordination (in Biology)
Coordination (in Biology)
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Hormones
Hormones
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Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
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Visceral Nervous System
Visceral Nervous System
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Nissl's Granules
Nissl's Granules
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Synaptic Vesicles
Synaptic Vesicles
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Post-synaptic Membrane
Post-synaptic Membrane
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Excitatory Potential
Excitatory Potential
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Inhibitory Potential
Inhibitory Potential
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Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
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What does the forebrain consist of?
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
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What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters?
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What is the difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
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How does an action potential travel down an axon?
How does an action potential travel down an axon?
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What is neural coordination?
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What's the difference between CNS and PNS?
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What are neurons?
What are neurons?
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What are the parts of a neuron?
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What are neurotransmitters?
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What is the role of the myelin sheath?
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What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Axons
Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Axons
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What makes a neuron 'excitable'?
What makes a neuron 'excitable'?
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What is the role of ion channels?
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Medulla oblongata
Medulla oblongata
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Synaptic Knob
Synaptic Knob
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Neurotransmitter Release
Neurotransmitter Release
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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How do organs coordinate?
How do organs coordinate?
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What are the 2 systems for coordination?
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What are 3 types of neurons?
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Afferent vs. Efferent
Afferent vs. Efferent
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Somatic vs. Autonomic
Somatic vs. Autonomic
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Neuron's Parts
Neuron's Parts
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Forebrain
Forebrain
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Afferent vs. Efferent Fibers
Afferent vs. Efferent Fibers
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Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System
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What are Nissl's granules?
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What are synaptic vesicles?
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What is a synaptic knob?
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to be positively charged?
What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to be positively charged?
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What causes the inner surface of the axonal membrane to be negatively charged?
What causes the inner surface of the axonal membrane to be negatively charged?
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What happens when a stimulus is applied to a neuron?
What happens when a stimulus is applied to a neuron?
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What is the role of the concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?
What is the role of the concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?
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What does a neuron consist of?
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Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System
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What are the parts of the forebrain?
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What does the human neural system consist of?
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What are the main parts of a neuron?
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What is an action potential?
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What are the two main systems for coordination in the body?
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What is the function of the myelin sheath?
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What is the brain's structure?
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What is the forebrain responsible for?
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What are the roles of the afferent and efferent fibers?
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Myelinated Axon
Myelinated Axon
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How does an action potential travel?
How does an action potential travel?
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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What is the role of the dendrites?
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What is the role of the axon?
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Myelin Sheath
Myelin Sheath
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What is the CNS?
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What is the PNS?
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What are the 3 types of neurons?
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What is a neuron?
What is a neuron?
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Afferent Fibers
Afferent Fibers
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Efferent Fibers
Efferent Fibers
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Electrical Synapse
Electrical Synapse
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Chemical Synapse
Chemical Synapse
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Why is the outer surface of the axon positive?
Why is the outer surface of the axon positive?
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Why is the inner surface of the axon negative?
Why is the inner surface of the axon negative?
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Concentration Gradients in Nerve Impulse Propagation
Concentration Gradients in Nerve Impulse Propagation
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What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
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How does a stimulus affect a neuron?
How does a stimulus affect a neuron?
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What's the importance of concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?
What's the importance of concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?
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Role of ion channels
Role of ion channels
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How is impulse conducted?
How is impulse conducted?
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How does a stimulus trigger an action potential?
How does a stimulus trigger an action potential?
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Why does the axonal membrane become polarized?
Why does the axonal membrane become polarized?
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What happens after an action potential?
What happens after an action potential?
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Axon Terminal
Axon Terminal
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What are dendrites?
What are dendrites?
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What is the axon?
What is the axon?
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What does the myelin sheath do?
What does the myelin sheath do?
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What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Concentration Gradient
Concentration Gradient
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What makes the outer surface of the axon positive?
What makes the outer surface of the axon positive?
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What makes the inner surface of the axon negative?
What makes the inner surface of the axon negative?
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What does the thalamus do?
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What does the cerebellum do?
What does the cerebellum do?
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What are the two parts of the human neural system?
What are the two parts of the human neural system?
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What is the function of the forebrain?
What is the function of the forebrain?
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What is the role of the cerebellum?
What is the role of the cerebellum?
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What is homeostasis?
What is homeostasis?
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What are the two main coordination systems?
What are the two main coordination systems?
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What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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Reversal of Polarity
Reversal of Polarity
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How is the charge difference maintained?
How is the charge difference maintained?
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What is the Role of Concentration Gradients?
What is the Role of Concentration Gradients?
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What happens when a stimulus is applied?
What happens when a stimulus is applied?
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Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Transmission
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Neurotransmitter Role
Neurotransmitter Role
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Forebrain Components
Forebrain Components
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Cerebrum Function
Cerebrum Function
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Thalamus Role
Thalamus Role
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Hypothalamus Function
Hypothalamus Function
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Sympathetic Neural System
Sympathetic Neural System
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Parasympathetic Neural System
Parasympathetic Neural System
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Neuron Structure
Neuron Structure
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Study Notes
Neural Control and Coordination
- Coordination is the interaction of organs to maintain homeostasis.
- Physical exercise increases energy demand, requiring more oxygen, which increases respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow.
- The neural and endocrine systems coordinate organ function.
- The neural system provides point-to-point connections for rapid communication.
- The endocrine system integrates using hormones.
Human Neural System
- Divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control.
- The PNS consists of nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
- Nerve fibers in the PNS are afferent (to CNS) and efferent (from CNS).
- Somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary organs (e.g., heart, lungs, digestion).
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are further sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
- Visceral nervous system is part of PNS, controlling connections to internal organs/viscera.
Neuron as Functional Unit
- A neuron has a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
- Dendrites receive signals.
- Axons transmit signals.
- Nissl's granules are present in cell bodies.
- Myelin sheath (from Schwann cells) insulates axons in some neurons.
- Gaps in myelin are Nodes of Ranvier.
Nerve Impulse Generation and Conduction
- Neurons are excitable, meaning they can change their electrical state rapidly.
- Resting potential: difference in charge across a neuron's membrane when not transmitting a signal.
- Action potential: rapid change in membrane potential when stimulated, creating a nerve impulse (depolarisation followed by repolarisation).
- The impulse travels along the axon, triggered by an influx of sodium ions, with potassium ions following to restore resting potential.
- Impulse conduction occurs through rapid changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions.
Transmission of Impulses
- Synapses are junctions between neurons or between neurons and effectors.
- Chemical synapses involve chemical messengers (neurotransmitters).
- Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles at the axon terminal (pre-synaptic).
- Arrival of an impulse prompts their release; they bind to receptors on receiving cells (post-synaptic).
- Neurotransmitter binding can initiate either an excitatory or inhibitory response.
- Electrical synapses allow direct current flow between neurons.
Central Neural System Details
- Protection of brain: skull and meninges (protective membranes).
- Brain division: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
- Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus.
- Cerebrum, major part of the brain, is involved in higher functions, responsible for higher mental functions like reasoning, language and learning.
- Midbrain: involved in eye movements and auditory reflexes.
- Hindbrain: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.
- Cerebellum controls balance and coordination.
- Pons connects the cerebellum to other brain parts.
- Medulla regulates vital body functions (respiration, heart rate).
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