NCERT - NEURAL CONTROL & COORDINATION - 24-25
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary systems that coordinate human body functions?

  • Digestive System and Respiratory System
  • Neural System and Endocrine System (correct)
  • Circulatory System and Nervous System
  • Muscular System and Skeletal System

    • The central neural system (CNS) comprises all the nerves of the body.

    False

    What role do neurons play in the neural system?

    Neurons detect, receive, and transmit different kinds of stimuli.

    The ________ system provides chemical integration through hormones.

    <p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for information processing and control?

    <p>Central Neural System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral neural system (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the neural system with their descriptions:

    <p>CNS = Includes brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing PNS = Comprises all nerves apart from the brain and spinal cord Neurons = Specialized cells that transmit stimuli Hormones = Chemical messengers used for integration by the endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does physical exercise change the demand for oxygen?

    <p>It increases the demand for oxygen due to heightened muscular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do afferent nerve fibres do?

    <p>Transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic neural system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Somatic neural system and autonomic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell body of a neuron contains Nissl’s __________.

    <p>granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the somatic neural system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:

    <p>Dendrites = Transmit impulses toward the cell body Axon = Transmit impulses away from the cell body Cell body = Contains organelles and Nissl's granules Synaptic knob = Releases neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the PNS that connects the CNS to the viscera is called the __________ nervous system.

    <p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal and cranial nerves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the gaps called between two adjacent myelin sheaths?

    <p>nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is known as a __________ neuron.

    <p>bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of axons with their characteristics:

    <p>Myelinated = Enveloped with Schwann cells, forming a myelin sheath Non-myelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without myelin sheath Schwann cells = Support cells that form myelin Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps between myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you call the state when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?

    <p>resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To maintain ionic gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer surface of the axonal membrane is negatively charged during resting potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the depolarization of the membrane at point A?

    <p>Rapid influx of Na+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called the ______.

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Resting Potential = The potential difference across a polarized membrane Depolarization = The reversal of polarity at a site on the membrane Sodium-Potassium Pump = Transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell Ionic Gradient = Difference in ion concentration across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has a higher concentration outside the axon during resting potential?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An applied stimulus makes the membrane at point A less permeable to Na+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charges on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?

    <p>The outer surface becomes negatively charged and the inner surface becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the action potential in a neuron?

    <p>To transmit information between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses transmit impulses faster than electrical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rise in permeability to Na+ is followed by a rise in permeability to _____ during the action potential.

    <p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their descriptions:

    <p>Action Potential = Nerve impulse generated by changes in membrane polarity Synaptic Cleft = Space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons Neurotransmitters = Chemicals responsible for transmitting impulses across synapses Electrical Synapse = Type of synapse that allows direct current flow between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately after an action potential has been generated at one site of an axon?

    <p>The impulse is transmitted to the next site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses in the nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

    <p>To transmit impulses from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>To regulate body temperature and hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is responsible for controlling respiration in the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure passes through the midbrain, connecting different parts of the brain?

    <p>cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere is known as __________.

    <p>white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Major sensory and motor signaling center Limbic system = Regulation of emotions and motivation Pons = Interconnecting fiber tracts of the brain Medulla oblongata = Controls cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily associated with coordination and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the emotional reactions regulated by the limbic system.

    <p>fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the neural system in an organism?

    <p>Coordination of bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main divisions of the human neural system.

    <p>Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ system provides an organized network for quick coordination.

    <p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the central nervous system to their functions:

    <p>Brain = Information processing Spinal Cord = Signal transmission between brain and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system works together with the neural system to regulate bodily functions via hormones?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons in the human neural system can detect, receive, and transmit stimuli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activities of organs after physical exercise is stopped?

    <p>They gradually return to their normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?

    <p>To release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex is referred to as white matter due to its lighter appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain.

    <p>Regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The grey matter of the brain is mainly composed of ________ cell bodies.

    <p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the brain with their respective functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Voluntary movements and intelligence Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Brainstem = Regulating vital functions Thalamus = Processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as memory and thought.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ions enter the post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding?

    <p>Sodium (Na+) or Calcium (Ca+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite?

    <p>Bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinated nerve fibers are always found in the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary ion that the axonal membrane is more permeable to during the resting state?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called __________.

    <p>nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of axon with its characteristic.

    <p>Myelinated = Enveloped by Schwann cells with a myelin sheath Non-myelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without a myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resting potential, which ion concentration is higher inside the axon?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during the resting state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one location where unipolar neurons are commonly found.

    <p>Embryonic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of efferent nerve fibers?

    <p>Relay impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two subdivisions of the autonomic neural system.

    <p>Sympathetic neural system and parasympathetic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The microscopic structure of a neuron is composed of three major parts: cell body, axon, and __________.

    <p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the peripheral nervous system with their functions:

    <p>Afferent fibers = Transmit impulses to the CNS Efferent fibers = Transmit impulses from the CNS Somatic nervous system = Controls skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system = Regulates involuntary functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure at the distal end of an axon contains neurotransmitters?

    <p>Synaptic knob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visceral nervous system consists solely of autonomic nerve fibers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nissl's granules are found in the __________ of a neuron.

    <p>cell body and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?

    <p>It regulates body temperature and hunger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is responsible for regulating emotional reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neural structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?

    <p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is involved in processing sensory signals.

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Pons = Interconnect different regions of the brain Medulla oblongata = Control respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Thalamus = Major sensory signal relay center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is part of the limbic system?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is located between the thalamus and the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the fibre covering on the tracts in the central nervous system?

    <p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft is the space between the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the two halves of the cerebrum?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>Central neural system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the brain regions with their primary functions:

    <p>Forebrain = Processing sensory information Midbrain = Coordination Hindbrain = Autonomic functions Cerebellum = Higher cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of impulses across a chemical synapse?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

    <p>Myelinated axons have an insulating layer of myelin, which increases impulse conduction speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peripheral neural system (PNS)?

    <p>Connecting the CNS to the rest of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural system in vertebrates is less developed compared to lower invertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main parts of the human neural system.

    <p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During physical exercise, an increased demand for ________ is necessary to maintain muscular activity.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each component of the neural system with its description:

    <p>CNS = Site of information processing PNS = Nerves branching from the CNS neurons = Specialized cells that transmit impulses hormones = Chemical messengers in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system works alongside the neural system to coordinate organ functions?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coordination of organ systems is not necessary for maintaining homeostasis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?

    <p>To maintain ionic gradients across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During depolarization, the outer surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process that causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become positively charged is called __________.

    <p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at point A when a stimulus is applied to the axonal membrane?

    <p>There is an influx of Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid inside the axon has a high concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does the inner surface of the membrane acquire during depolarization?

    <p>positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do efferent nerve fibres primarily transmit?

    <p>Impulse from the CNS to peripheral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major types of nerve fibres in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>afferent fibers and efferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ nervous system includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of a neuron with their functions:

    <p>Cell body = Contains cytoplasm and organelles Dendrites = Transmit impulses towards the cell body Axon = Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body Synaptic knob = Contains neurotransmitters for synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system mainly relays impulses to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are composed of four major parts: cell body, axon, dendrites, and myelin sheath.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the neuron that contains Nissl's granules is the __________.

    <p>cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the forebrain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily involved in processing emotional reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurotransmitters?

    <p>Chemicals involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the CNS connects different regions of the brain?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is only associated with olfaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of action potentials in neurons?

    <p>To transmit electrical signals along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the cerebral cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths called?

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of __________ ions.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of axons with their characteristics:

    <p>Myelinated = Surrounded by Schwann cells forming a myelin sheath Unmyelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without a myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps between myelin sheaths Schwann cells = Support cells in the peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unipolar neurons are commonly found in the embryonic stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

    <p>To maintain the resting membrane potential by moving Na+ out and K+ in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What appearance do the myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemisphere give to the white matter?

    <p>Opaque white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla controls voluntary motor functions in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure wraps around the thalamus in the brain?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, urge for __________, and drinking.

    <p>eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain components with their primary functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Major sensory and motor signaling coordinator Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and urges Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Controls involuntary functions like respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of emotions?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical term for the canal that passes through the midbrain?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is responsible for the quick coordination of body activities?

    <p>Neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central nervous system includes all the nerves in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts of the human neural system?

    <p>Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ system provides an organized network of connections for quick coordination.

    <p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the neural system with their descriptions:

    <p>CNS = Includes the brain and spinal cord PNS = Comprises all the nerves in the body Neurons = Specialized cells for transmitting signals Ganglia = Clusters of nerve cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organ functions when physical exercise is stopped?

    <p>They gradually return to normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The endocrine system primarily uses electrical signals for coordination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nervous system?

    <p>To coordinate and integrate body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the myelin sheath around myelinated nerve fibers?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nodes of ________ are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths.

    <p>Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a resting state, the axonal membrane is primarily permeable to which ion?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm of a neuron contains a high concentration of Na+ ions during resting potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state called when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?

    <p>Resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic neural system only transmits impulses to voluntary muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the viscera.

    <p>visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:

    <p>Cell body = Contains the nucleus and organelles Dendrites = Receive impulses from other neurons Axon = Transmits impulses away from the cell body Synaptic knob = Releases neurotransmitters into the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system relays impulses to skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are composed of four main parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the bulb-like structures at the end of axons called?

    <p>Synaptic knobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the restoration of the resting potential after an action potential?

    <p>Diffusion of K+ out of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transmission of impulses across chemical synapses is always faster than that across electrical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nerve impulse is known as an action ________.

    <p>potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of synapses with their characteristics:

    <p>Electrical synapses = Fast transmission of impulses Chemical synapses = Involves neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft = Gap between neurons Neurotransmitters = Chemicals that transmit impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion concentration increases permeability shortly after the initiation of an action potential?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrical synapses are more abundant than chemical synapses in the nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge distribution on the axon membrane during depolarization?

    <p>The outer surface becomes positively charged and the inner surface becomes negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?

    <p>To release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner layer of the cranial meninges that is in contact with the brain tissue is called __________.

    <p>pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the brain with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Thalamus = Relay sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulates bodily functions like hunger Cerebrum = Higher cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain does NOT form part of the hindbrain?

    <p>Coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain is protected by the cranial meninges and the skull.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the white matter of the brain its characteristic appearance?

    <p>Myelin sheath covering the fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla is responsible for controlling balance and coordination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located at the base of the thalamus and regulates body temperature and urges for eating and drinking?

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ connects the brain to the spinal cord.

    <p>brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior and emotional reactions?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral aqueduct passes through the hindbrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are thyroid hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells called?

    <p>hypothalamic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system provides an organized network for quick coordination within the body?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for processing and controlling information.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ system is involved in chemical integration through hormones.

    <p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the neural system with their functions:

    <p>CNS = Processing and control of information PNS = Nerve connections throughout the body Neurons = Transmission of signals Hormones = Chemical messengers in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activities of nerves, lungs, heart, and kidney when physical exercise stops?

    <p>They gradually return to normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebrate neural system is less developed than that of lower invertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are the building blocks of the neural system?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?

    <p>Efferent fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major parts of a neuron?

    <p>Cell body, dendrites, and axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

    <p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nerve fibres with their functions:

    <p>Afferent fibres = Transmit impulses to the CNS Efferent fibres = Transmit impulses from the CNS Sympathetic system = Activates fight-or-flight response Parasympathetic system = Promotes rest-and-digest response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synaptic knobs in neurons?

    <p>Release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the peripheral nervous system is comprised of nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the viscera?

    <p>Visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

    <p>They bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebrum is non-divided and forms the major part of the human brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the layer that covers the brain and consists of three layers?

    <p>Cranial meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the cranial meninges is called __________.

    <p>dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Processing sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulating thirst and hunger Thalamus = Relay station for sensory signals Cerebellum = Coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is involved in thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated nerve fibers have a myelin sheath.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forebrain is composed of the cerebrum, thalamus, and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the folded layer of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane of a neuron is primarily more permeable to __________ ions at rest.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is primarily found in the embryonic stage?

    <p>Unipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During resting potential, sodium ions (Na+) have a higher concentration inside the axon compared to outside.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the ion channels that are selectively permeable on the neural membrane.

    <p>Ion channels for sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Controlling body temperature and urges for eating and drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is located between the pons and the hypothalamus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures make up the hindbrain?

    <p>Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ provides connections between the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is significant for the regulation of emotional reactions?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Pons = Interconnects different regions of the brain Cerebellum = Controls balance and coordination Medulla = Regulates respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All axons in the human body are myelinated.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the round swellings found in the dorsal portion of the midbrain called?

    <p>Corpora quadrigemina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature and hunger?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is primarily responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular reflexes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

    <p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is involved in emotional responses and motivation?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral neural system comprises the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one function of the cerebellum.

    <p>Coordination and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by a Schwann cell that forms a myelin sheath.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of _____ and negatively charged proteins.

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ion is the axonal membrane more permeable to during resting potential?

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in autonomous and somatic neural systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neuron is at rest, the membrane is nearly impermeable to _____ ions.

    <p>Sodium (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Afferent fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The efferent nerve fibres relay impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary components of a neuron are the cell body, __________, and axon.

    <p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the parasympathetic neural system?

    <p>Regulate involuntary body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The visceral nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neurotransmitters do at the synaptic knob?

    <p>They transmit signals to the next neuron or muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordination and balance?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?

    <p>They transmit impulses across the synapse between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the brain with their functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Higher cognitive functions Midbrain = Integrates sensory inputs Pons = Connects different brain regions Medulla = Controls vital autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?

    <p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft separates the pre-synaptic neuron from the post-synaptic neuron.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the human brain is primarily responsible for emotional regulation?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?

    <p>To maintain ionic gradients by transporting ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the axonal membrane at site A when a stimulus is applied?

    <p>It becomes permeable to Na+ and depolarizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the depolarization of the axon, what happens to the polarity at site A?

    <p>The inner surface becomes negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Resting potential = The electrical potential difference during inactivity Depolarization = The reversal of charge polarity across the membrane Sodium-potassium pump = Active transport mechanism for Na+ and K+ Ionic gradients = Concentration differences of ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The influx of Na+ during action potential leads to a decrease in membrane potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

    <p>To facilitate the binding to specific receptors and open ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex is referred to as gray matter due to its color and concentration of neuron cell bodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major parts of the brain?

    <p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The deep cleft divides the cerebrum into two halves called the ________ hemispheres.

    <p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Regulating circadian rhythms and vital body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forebrain is the smallest part of the human brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three layers of the cranial meninges.

    <p>Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the components that make up the hindbrain.

    <p>Pons, cerebellum, or medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the midbrain contains corpora quadrigemina?

    <p>Dorsal portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is involved only in emotion and does not regulate motivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nerve impulse along the axon membrane?

    <p>It is conducted as a wave of depolarization and repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the central neural system (CNS)?

    <p>Information processing and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and one axon?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two systems coordinate to ensure the organs function in a synchronized fashion?

    <p>Neural system and endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The myelinated nerve fibers are identified by the presence of Schwann cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called __________.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects various parts of the brain?

    <p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily impermeable to the axonal membrane when a neuron is at rest?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human neural system is less organized compared to that of lower invertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the functions of the organs after physical exercise is stopped?

    <p>They gradually return to their normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bipolar neurons are found exclusively in the cerebral cortex.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve fibers are typically found in the autonomous and somatic neural systems?

    <p>unmyelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the cranial meninges is in contact with the brain tissue?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex is known as white matter due to its lighter appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

    <p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the generation of an action potential at site B?

    <p>Current flowing from site A to site B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?

    <p>To transmit impulses between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ separates the membranes of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons at a chemical synapse.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forebrain consists only of the cerebrum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their roles during the action potential:

    <p>Na+ = Increases permeability and initiates depolarization K+ = Restores resting potential after depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?

    <p>Depolarization is followed by repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nerve impulse can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of the axonal membrane during resting potential?

    <p>The inside is negatively charged compared to the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the white matter its opaque white appearance?

    <p>Myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus plays a significant role in regulating emotions such as pleasure and rage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the brain to the spinal cord?

    <p>Brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance is the __________.

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions of the brain to their primary functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and hormones Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statement is true regarding the midbrain?

    <p>It is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is not involved in the motivation and emotional reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure passes through the midbrain?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hindbrain includes the cerebrum and thalamus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

    <p>They transmit impulses across a chemical synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ connects the two halves of the cerebrum.

    <p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the brain parts with their functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Coordinates movements and balance Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Thalamus = Relay center for sensory information Pons = Interconnects different regions of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the limbic system?

    <p>Regulates emotions and motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Action potential involves a rise in permeability to potassium ions (K+).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major component of the central nervous system (CNS).

    <p>Brain or spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

    <p>To transmit signals across the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An action potential is produced when a stimulus increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is transported outward by the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Sodium (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?

    <p>The outer surface becomes negatively charged and the inner surface becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid-filled space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During resting potential, the inner surface of the axonal membrane is positively charged.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synapse allows the direct flow of electrical current between neurons?

    <p>Electrical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________ when a stimulus is applied.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane when depolarization occurs?

    <p>The outer surface becomes positively charged, and the inner surface becomes negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which site is the action potential generated during the process described?

    <p>Site A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is slower than across a chemical synapse.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of action potential with their actions:

    <p>Depolarization = Rapid influx of Na+ Repolarization = Efflux of K+ Resting potential = Negative inner charge Action potential = Change in membrane polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions out of the cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the reversal of polarity at site A when a stimulus is applied?

    <p>Rapid influx of Na+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily responsible for the regulation of emotions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the human neural system?

    <p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

    <p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each part of the brain with its primary function:

    <p>Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Control of respiration Thalamus = Sensory relay Hindbrain = Basic life functions like heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses at electrical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sodium ions (Na+) play in the generation of action potentials?

    <p>They increase membrane permeability, allowing depolarization to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve fibres carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?

    <p>Efferent fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic neural system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary organs is called the __________ neural system.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms the distal end of the axon at a synapse?

    <p>Synaptic knob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurotransmitters and where are they found?

    <p>Chemicals found in synaptic vesicles at synaptic knobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the white appearance to the layer of the cerebral hemisphere?

    <p>Myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major regions that comprise the brainstem?

    <p>Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The complex structure involved in the regulation of emotions and motivation is known as the ________ system.

    <p>limbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the brain with their functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Cerebellum = Coordination and balance control Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Amygdala = Involved in emotional reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain lies at the base of the thalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain contains structures known as corpora quadrigemina.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The canal that passes through the midbrain is called the ________ aqueduct.

    <p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neuron types has one axon and two or more dendrites?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic and somatic neural systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped by __________ which forms a myelin sheath.

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During rest, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CNS primarily consist of?

    <p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral neural system (PNS) is responsible for processing information and control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily responsible for the functions of the neural system?

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ system provides a network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.

    <p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the endocrine system?

    <p>Provides chemical integration through hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neural system in lower invertebrates is more complex than that in vertebrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activities of the body systems after physical exercise is stopped?

    <p>They gradually return to normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

    <p>To transmit impulses across the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane's permeability during the action potential?

    <p>The permeability to Na+ increases followed by an increase in permeability to K+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of synaptic transmission with their descriptions:

    <p>Pre-synaptic neuron = Neuron that sends the signal Post-synaptic neuron = Neuron that receives the signal Electrical synapse = Direct flow of electrical current Chemical synapse = Transmission using neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates current flow from site A to site B in an axon?

    <p>Action potential generated at site A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rise in permeability to Na+ is short-lived and followed by a rise in permeability to Ca2+.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the nature of electrical synapses.

    <p>Electrical synapses allow direct flow of electrical current between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the sodium-potassium pump's activity at rest?

    <p>It maintains a positive charge outside the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during resting potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is called when the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane is established?

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An influx of Na+ during a stimulus results in the __________ of the membrane.

    <p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>To transmit impulses towards the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axon ends in structures called __________ that contain neurotransmitters.

    <p>synaptic knobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic neural system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A stimulus decreases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ at the site of application.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge of the membrane at site A during depolarization?

    <p>It reverses, making the outer surface negatively charged and the inner surface positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic neural system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure comprises the whole complex of nerves and fibers transmitting impulses between the CNS and the viscera?

    <p>Visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Processing sensory information and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is responsible for thermoregulation and controlling hunger.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain for sensory and voluntary functions Thalamus = Relay station for sensory information Hippocampus = Memory processing Amygdala = Emotion regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of potential can be generated in the post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>Either excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dura mater is the innermost layer of the cranial meninges.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the neurotransmitters responsible for at the synapse?

    <p>They bind to receptors and open ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is involved in processing visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system.

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly differentiates between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

    <p>Myelinated axons are faster in impulse transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is primarily involved with motor control and sensory processing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is essential for generating an action potential in a neuron?

    <p>Na+ (sodium ion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?

    <p>To maintain ionic gradients across the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resting potential, the outer surface of the axonal membrane has a negative charge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs at point A of the axonal membrane when a stimulus is applied?

    <p>The membrane becomes depolarized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference in electrical charge across the resting plasma membrane is referred to as the __________.

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the charge on the outer surface of the membrane when depolarization occurs?

    <p>It becomes negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their concentration during resting potential:

    <p>Na+ = High outside the axon K+ = Low outside the axon Cl- = Moderate inside cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which point does the sodium influx primarily occur during nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>Point A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner side of the axonal membrane is positively charged during resting potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A neuron has a polarized membrane in its __________ state.

    <p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during resting potential.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Schwann cells?

    <p>To form a myelin sheath around the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central neural system includes all the nerves of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the neural system?

    <p>Chemical integration through hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human neural system is responsible for detecting, receiving, and transmitting different kinds of __________.

    <p>stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the central neural system?

    <p>Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do muscles, lungs, heart, and kidneys play during physical exercise?

    <p>They work together to meet increased energy and oxygen demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals have a highly specialized neural system composed of neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the generation of an action potential at site B?

    <p>Increased permeability to Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are the chemicals involved in impulse transmission at chemical synapses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of synapses mentioned in the content?

    <p>Electrical synapses and chemical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The flow of current across electrical synapses is very similar to conduction along a __________.

    <p>single axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ion movements with their effects during an action potential:

    <p>Na+ = Rushes into the cell causing depolarization K+ = Diffuses out of the cell restoring resting potential Action Potential = Electrical impulse signal along the neuron Resting Potential = State of the neuron before stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes electrical synapses?

    <p>They allow direct electrical current flow between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemical synapses are found in very close proximity with no gaps between the neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vesicles at the axon terminals?

    <p>To store and release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Processes vision and hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The forebrain consists solely of the cerebellum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the __________ is to regulate hunger and thirst.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the brain to their functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain responsible for processing information Thalamus = Relay station for sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulates endocrine functions and homeostasis Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>They bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is part of the hindbrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the cranial meninges called?

    <p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is primarily concerned with movement coordination and balance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons in a synapse?

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is the part of the brain that integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.

    <p>midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is part of the central neural system (CNS)?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In regards to the generation of action potential, what role does Na+ play?

    <p>Sodium ions (Na+) cause depolarization of the neuron membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a stimulus is applied, the membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during depolarization.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS?

    <p>Afferent fibres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately when depolarization occurs at a site of the axon?

    <p>A rapid influx of Na+ occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ nervous system is involved in regulating the body's involuntary actions.

    <p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are the primary functional units of the endocrine system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neurotransmitters in a neuron?

    <p>Transmit signals across synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

    <p>Permeability to Na+ increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The impulse transmitted across electrical synapses is slower than that across chemical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the gap between a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What restores the resting potential of the membrane after an action potential?

    <p>Diffusion of K+ outside the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are released from the post-synaptic neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane's charge during depolarization at site A?

    <p>The membrane becomes positively charged on the inner surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is involved in the regulation of emotional reactions and motivations.

    <p>limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain regions with their primary functions:

    <p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Control of respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Hippocampus = Memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of heartbeat and blood pressure?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white matter of the brain appears gray due to the myelin sheath covering the fibers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the neural system is primarily responsible for integrating functions and homeostatic activities?

    <p>neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Controlling voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebellum is primarily responsible for processing information from the sensory organs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron is called the __________.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following brain parts with their functions:

    <p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain responsible for higher functions Thalamus = Relays sensory information to the cortex Hypothalamus = Regulates autonomic functions and homeostasis Cerebellum = Coordinates balance and motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for excitatory potentials in the post-synaptic neuron?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The synaptic cleft is the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are association areas responsible for?

    <p>Complex functions like memory and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ integrates information from the auditory system and balances.

    <p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs at the synapse to transmit impulse from one neuron to another?

    <p>Synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is responsible for processing olfaction and emotional reactions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the parts of the brain divided into three major sections.

    <p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During resting potential, the axonal membrane is more permeable to _______ ions.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of membrane potential allows neurons to generate and conduct impulses?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of axons.

    <p>Myelinated and non-myelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the axonal membrane?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

    <p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a neuron is stimulated, the membrane at the site of stimulation becomes freely permeable to __________.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ionic states with their charges during the resting potential:

    <p>Outer surface = Positive charge Inner surface = Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after a stimulus is applied to a neuron?

    <p>Na+ influx rapidly occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner side of the axonal membrane becomes positively charged when depolarized.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of body temperature, eating, and drinking?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is responsible for memory and emotional responses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neurotransmitters and their role in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

    <p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the peripheral neural system (PNS) is correct?

    <p>It connects the CNS to the limbs and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla is part of the forebrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is known as the ________.

    <p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neural system is responsible for chemical integration through hormones?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral neural system consists only of the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of the human neural system?

    <p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A network of neurons is found in lower invertebrates such as ________.

    <p>Hydra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurons in the neural system?

    <p>To detect, receive, and transmit stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central neural system includes the brain but not the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is only responsible for emotional reactions and does not involve motivation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ of the brain controls respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in the expression of emotional reactions such as pleasure and rage?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The white matter of the brain is composed of neuronal cell bodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electrical potential difference across the resting neural membrane called?

    <p>Resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?

    <p>To act as a gap for neurotransmitters to diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transmission of impulses across electrical synapses is always slower than that at chemical synapses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the neuron during an action potential?

    <p>Depolarization of the neuron occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurotransmitters are released from the __________ of a pre-synaptic neuron.

    <p>axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their roles in action potential generation:

    <p>Na+ = Causes depolarization K+ = Restores resting potential Cl- = Inhibitory effect Ca2+ = Triggers neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synapse allows for electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another?

    <p>Electrical synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An action potential generates a negative charge on the outer surface of the axon membrane during depolarization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of nerve impulses.

    <p>Neurotransmitters transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic neuron, activating it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebrum is part of the midbrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary command and control system of the body?

    <p>The brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex contains mostly myelinated neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is known as the grey matter in the brain?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives the white matter its characteristic appearance?

    <p>Myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla is responsible for controlling respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ is a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling.

    <p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and hunger Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance Amygdala = Regulates emotional responses Hippocampus = Involved in memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating emotional reactions such as pleasure and fear?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain contains the pons and the medulla.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, form the ________ lobe.

    <p>limbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Information processing and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human neural system consists only of the central nervous system (CNS).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ system provides quick coordination through a network of point-to-point connections.

    <p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to various organs and systems in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells compose the neural system for the detection and transmission of stimuli?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion concentration is higher outside the axon during resting potential?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sodium-potassium pump transports 3 Na+ ions into the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped out.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a stimulus is applied at point A, the membrane becomes permeable to _____ ions.

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of action potential with their descriptions:

    <p>Depolarization = Membrane potential becomes more positive Repolarization = Membrane potential returns to resting state Hyperpolarization = Membrane potential becomes more negative Resting potential = Stable state of a neuron at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs at point A during depolarization?

    <p>The inner surface becomes positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated nerve fibers are more common in the cranial and spinal nerves than in the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge during resting potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become negatively charged?

    <p>influx of Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ state of a neuron exists when it is not conducting any impulse.

    <p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is more permeable in a resting neuron?

    <p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axoplasm inside the axon contains a low concentration of Na+ during resting potential.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses across synapses?

    <p>Chemical neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The autonomic neural system controls voluntary actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is called the __________.

    <p>dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles?

    <p>Autonomic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the peripheral nervous system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Control and Coordination

    • Coordination is the interaction of organs to maintain homeostasis.
    • Physical exercise increases energy demand, requiring more oxygen, which increases respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow.
    • The neural and endocrine systems coordinate organ function.
    • The neural system provides point-to-point connections for rapid communication.
    • The endocrine system integrates using hormones.

    Human Neural System

    • Divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control.
    • The PNS consists of nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
    • Nerve fibers in the PNS are afferent (to CNS) and efferent (from CNS).
    • Somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
    • Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary organs (e.g., heart, lungs, digestion).
      • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are further sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
    • Visceral nervous system is part of PNS, controlling connections to internal organs/viscera.

    Neuron as Functional Unit

    • A neuron has a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
    • Dendrites receive signals.
    • Axons transmit signals.
    • Nissl's granules are present in cell bodies.
    • Myelin sheath (from Schwann cells) insulates axons in some neurons.
    • Gaps in myelin are Nodes of Ranvier.

    Nerve Impulse Generation and Conduction

    • Neurons are excitable, meaning they can change their electrical state rapidly.
    • Resting potential: difference in charge across a neuron's membrane when not transmitting a signal.
    • Action potential: rapid change in membrane potential when stimulated, creating a nerve impulse (depolarisation followed by repolarisation).
    • The impulse travels along the axon, triggered by an influx of sodium ions, with potassium ions following to restore resting potential.
    • Impulse conduction occurs through rapid changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions.

    Transmission of Impulses

    • Synapses are junctions between neurons or between neurons and effectors.
    • Chemical synapses involve chemical messengers (neurotransmitters).
    • Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles at the axon terminal (pre-synaptic).
    • Arrival of an impulse prompts their release; they bind to receptors on receiving cells (post-synaptic).
    • Neurotransmitter binding can initiate either an excitatory or inhibitory response.
    • Electrical synapses allow direct current flow between neurons.

    Central Neural System Details

    • Protection of brain: skull and meninges (protective membranes).
    • Brain division: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
    • Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus.
      • Cerebrum, major part of the brain, is involved in higher functions, responsible for higher mental functions like reasoning, language and learning.
    • Midbrain: involved in eye movements and auditory reflexes.
    • Hindbrain: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.
      • Cerebellum controls balance and coordination.
      • Pons connects the cerebellum to other brain parts.
      • Medulla regulates vital body functions (respiration, heart rate).

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    Description

    Explore the intricate systems that enable neural control and coordination in the human body. This quiz covers the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the role of the endocrine system, and how these systems work together to maintain homeostasis during physical activity.

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