NCERT - NEURAL CONTROL & COORDINATION - 24-25

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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary systems that coordinate human body functions?

  • Digestive System and Respiratory System
  • Neural System and Endocrine System (correct)
  • Circulatory System and Nervous System
  • Muscular System and Skeletal System

The central neural system (CNS) comprises all the nerves of the body.

False (B)

What role do neurons play in the neural system?

Neurons detect, receive, and transmit different kinds of stimuli.

The ________ system provides chemical integration through hormones.

<p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for information processing and control?

<p>Central Neural System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral neural system (PNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the neural system with their descriptions:

<p>CNS = Includes brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing PNS = Comprises all nerves apart from the brain and spinal cord Neurons = Specialized cells that transmit stimuli Hormones = Chemical messengers used for integration by the endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does physical exercise change the demand for oxygen?

<p>It increases the demand for oxygen due to heightened muscular activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do afferent nerve fibres do?

<p>Transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic neural system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Somatic neural system and autonomic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell body of a neuron contains Nissl’s __________.

<p>granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body?

<p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the somatic neural system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of a neuron with their functions:

<p>Dendrites = Transmit impulses toward the cell body Axon = Transmit impulses away from the cell body Cell body = Contains organelles and Nissl's granules Synaptic knob = Releases neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the PNS that connects the CNS to the viscera is called the __________ nervous system.

<p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has one axon and two or more dendrites?

<p>Multipolar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All myelinated nerve fibers are found in the spinal and cranial nerves.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gaps called between two adjacent myelin sheaths?

<p>nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is known as a __________ neuron.

<p>bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of axons with their characteristics:

<p>Myelinated = Enveloped with Schwann cells, forming a myelin sheath Non-myelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without myelin sheath Schwann cells = Support cells that form myelin Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps between myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

<p>Potassium ions (K+) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call the state when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?

<p>resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>To maintain ionic gradients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer surface of the axonal membrane is negatively charged during resting potential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the depolarization of the membrane at point A?

<p>Rapid influx of Na+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane is called the ______.

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Resting Potential = The potential difference across a polarized membrane Depolarization = The reversal of polarity at a site on the membrane Sodium-Potassium Pump = Transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell Ionic Gradient = Difference in ion concentration across a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has a higher concentration outside the axon during resting potential?

<p>Na+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An applied stimulus makes the membrane at point A less permeable to Na+.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charges on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?

<p>The outer surface becomes negatively charged and the inner surface becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the action potential in a neuron?

<p>To transmit information between neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical synapses transmit impulses faster than electrical synapses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise in permeability to Na+ is followed by a rise in permeability to _____ during the action potential.

<p>K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their descriptions:

<p>Action Potential = Nerve impulse generated by changes in membrane polarity Synaptic Cleft = Space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons Neurotransmitters = Chemicals responsible for transmitting impulses across synapses Electrical Synapse = Type of synapse that allows direct current flow between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after an action potential has been generated at one site of an axon?

<p>The impulse is transmitted to the next site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrical synapses are more common than chemical synapses in the nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

<p>To transmit impulses from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

<p>To regulate body temperature and hunger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is responsible for controlling respiration in the brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure passes through the midbrain, connecting different parts of the brain?

<p>cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere is known as __________.

<p>white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the brain with their functions:

<p>Thalamus = Major sensory and motor signaling center Limbic system = Regulation of emotions and motivation Pons = Interconnecting fiber tracts of the brain Medulla oblongata = Controls cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily associated with coordination and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the emotional reactions regulated by the limbic system.

<p>fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the neural system in an organism?

<p>Coordination of bodily functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main divisions of the human neural system.

<p>Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ system provides an organized network for quick coordination.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the central nervous system to their functions:

<p>Brain = Information processing Spinal Cord = Signal transmission between brain and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system works together with the neural system to regulate bodily functions via hormones?

<p>Endocrine system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons in the human neural system can detect, receive, and transmit stimuli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activities of organs after physical exercise is stopped?

<p>They gradually return to their normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?

<p>To release neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex is referred to as white matter due to its lighter appearance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain.

<p>Regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The grey matter of the brain is mainly composed of ________ cell bodies.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the brain with their respective functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Voluntary movements and intelligence Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Brainstem = Regulating vital functions Thalamus = Processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions such as memory and thought.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ions enter the post-synaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding?

<p>Sodium (Na+) or Calcium (Ca+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has one axon and one dendrite?

<p>Bipolar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers are always found in the autonomic nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion that the axonal membrane is more permeable to during the resting state?

<p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths are called __________.

<p>nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of axon with its characteristic.

<p>Myelinated = Enveloped by Schwann cells with a myelin sheath Non-myelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without a myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the resting potential, which ion concentration is higher inside the axon?

<p>Potassium (K+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during the resting state.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one location where unipolar neurons are commonly found.

<p>Embryonic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of efferent nerve fibers?

<p>Relay impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to involuntary organs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two subdivisions of the autonomic neural system.

<p>Sympathetic neural system and parasympathetic neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The microscopic structure of a neuron is composed of three major parts: cell body, axon, and __________.

<p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the peripheral nervous system with their functions:

<p>Afferent fibers = Transmit impulses to the CNS Efferent fibers = Transmit impulses from the CNS Somatic nervous system = Controls skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system = Regulates involuntary functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure at the distal end of an axon contains neurotransmitters?

<p>Synaptic knob (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visceral nervous system consists solely of autonomic nerve fibers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nissl's granules are found in the __________ of a neuron.

<p>cell body and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the brain?

<p>It regulates body temperature and hunger. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is responsible for regulating emotional reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neural structure connects the brain to the spinal cord?

<p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is involved in processing sensory signals.

<p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the brain with their primary functions:

<p>Pons = Interconnect different regions of the brain Medulla oblongata = Control respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Thalamus = Major sensory signal relay center</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the limbic system?

<p>Hippocampus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is located between the thalamus and the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the fibre covering on the tracts in the central nervous system?

<p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The synaptic cleft is the space between the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the two halves of the cerebrum?

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ consists of the brain and spinal cord.

<p>Central neural system (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain regions with their primary functions:

<p>Forebrain = Processing sensory information Midbrain = Coordination Hindbrain = Autonomic functions Cerebellum = Higher cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in the transmission of impulses across a chemical synapse?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

<p>Myelinated axons have an insulating layer of myelin, which increases impulse conduction speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peripheral neural system (PNS)?

<p>Connecting the CNS to the rest of the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural system in vertebrates is less developed compared to lower invertebrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main parts of the human neural system.

<p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During physical exercise, an increased demand for ________ is necessary to maintain muscular activity.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each component of the neural system with its description:

<p>CNS = Site of information processing PNS = Nerves branching from the CNS neurons = Specialized cells that transmit impulses hormones = Chemical messengers in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system works alongside the neural system to coordinate organ functions?

<p>Endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The coordination of organ systems is not necessary for maintaining homeostasis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?

<p>To maintain ionic gradients across the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During depolarization, the outer surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process that causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become positively charged is called __________.

<p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at point A when a stimulus is applied to the axonal membrane?

<p>There is an influx of Na+ ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fluid inside the axon has a high concentration of K+ ions and a low concentration of Na+ ions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge does the inner surface of the membrane acquire during depolarization?

<p>positively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do efferent nerve fibres primarily transmit?

<p>Impulse from the CNS to peripheral organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major types of nerve fibres in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>afferent fibers and efferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ nervous system includes both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

<p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of a neuron with their functions:

<p>Cell body = Contains cytoplasm and organelles Dendrites = Transmit impulses towards the cell body Axon = Transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body Synaptic knob = Contains neurotransmitters for synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system mainly relays impulses to skeletal muscles?

<p>Somatic neural system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are composed of four major parts: cell body, axon, dendrites, and myelin sheath.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the neuron that contains Nissl's granules is the __________.

<p>cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the forebrain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?

<p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily involved in processing emotional reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters?

<p>Chemicals involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the CNS connects different regions of the brain?

<p>Pons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is only associated with olfaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of action potentials in neurons?

<p>To transmit electrical signals along the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers are typically found in the cerebral cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths called?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of __________ ions.

<p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of axons with their characteristics:

<p>Myelinated = Surrounded by Schwann cells forming a myelin sheath Unmyelinated = Enclosed by Schwann cells without a myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier = Gaps between myelin sheaths Schwann cells = Support cells in the peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unipolar neurons are commonly found in the embryonic stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

<p>To maintain the resting membrane potential by moving Na+ out and K+ in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appearance do the myelinated fibers in the cerebral hemisphere give to the white matter?

<p>Opaque white (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla controls voluntary motor functions in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure wraps around the thalamus in the brain?

<p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, urge for __________, and drinking.

<p>eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain components with their primary functions:

<p>Thalamus = Major sensory and motor signaling coordinator Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and urges Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Controls involuntary functions like respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of emotions?

<p>Limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is located between the forebrain and hindbrain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the canal that passes through the midbrain?

<p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for the quick coordination of body activities?

<p>Neural system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central nervous system includes all the nerves in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the human neural system?

<p>Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ system provides an organized network of connections for quick coordination.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the neural system with their descriptions:

<p>CNS = Includes the brain and spinal cord PNS = Comprises all the nerves in the body Neurons = Specialized cells for transmitting signals Ganglia = Clusters of nerve cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to organ functions when physical exercise is stopped?

<p>They gradually return to normal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system primarily uses electrical signals for coordination.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

<p>To coordinate and integrate body functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the myelin sheath around myelinated nerve fibers?

<p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nodes of ________ are the gaps between two adjacent myelin sheaths.

<p>Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a resting state, the axonal membrane is primarily permeable to which ion?

<p>Potassium (K+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm of a neuron contains a high concentration of Na+ ions during resting potential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state called when a neuron is not conducting any impulse?

<p>Resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic neural system only transmits impulses to voluntary muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ is the part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the viscera.

<p>visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of a neuron with their functions:

<p>Cell body = Contains the nucleus and organelles Dendrites = Receive impulses from other neurons Axon = Transmits impulses away from the cell body Synaptic knob = Releases neurotransmitters into the synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system relays impulses to skeletal muscles?

<p>Somatic neural system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are composed of four main parts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bulb-like structures at the end of axons called?

<p>Synaptic knobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the restoration of the resting potential after an action potential?

<p>Diffusion of K+ out of the membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of impulses across chemical synapses is always faster than that across electrical synapses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nerve impulse is known as an action ________.

<p>potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of synapses with their characteristics:

<p>Electrical synapses = Fast transmission of impulses Chemical synapses = Involves neurotransmitters Synaptic cleft = Gap between neurons Neurotransmitters = Chemicals that transmit impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion concentration increases permeability shortly after the initiation of an action potential?

<p>Na+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrical synapses are more abundant than chemical synapses in the nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charge distribution on the axon membrane during depolarization?

<p>The outer surface becomes positively charged and the inner surface becomes negatively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal?

<p>To release neurotransmitters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

<p>Forebrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner layer of the cranial meninges that is in contact with the brain tissue is called __________.

<p>pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the brain with their corresponding functions:

<p>Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Thalamus = Relay sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulates bodily functions like hunger Cerebrum = Higher cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain does NOT form part of the hindbrain?

<p>Coronary arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain is protected by the cranial meninges and the skull.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives the white matter of the brain its characteristic appearance?

<p>Myelin sheath covering the fibres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla is responsible for controlling balance and coordination.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is located at the base of the thalamus and regulates body temperature and urges for eating and drinking?

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ connects the brain to the spinal cord.

<p>brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in the regulation of sexual behavior and emotional reactions?

<p>Limbic system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral aqueduct passes through the hindbrain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are thyroid hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells called?

<p>hypothalamic hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system provides an organized network for quick coordination within the body?

<p>Nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for processing and controlling information.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ system is involved in chemical integration through hormones.

<p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the neural system with their functions:

<p>CNS = Processing and control of information PNS = Nerve connections throughout the body Neurons = Transmission of signals Hormones = Chemical messengers in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activities of nerves, lungs, heart, and kidney when physical exercise stops?

<p>They gradually return to normal conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The vertebrate neural system is less developed than that of lower invertebrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are the building blocks of the neural system?

<p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?

<p>Efferent fibres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The somatic neural system transmits impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major parts of a neuron?

<p>Cell body, dendrites, and axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of nerve fibres with their functions:

<p>Afferent fibres = Transmit impulses to the CNS Efferent fibres = Transmit impulses from the CNS Sympathetic system = Activates fight-or-flight response Parasympathetic system = Promotes rest-and-digest response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synaptic knobs in neurons?

<p>Release neurotransmitters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body of a neuron.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is comprised of nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the viscera?

<p>Visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?

<p>They bind to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is non-divided and forms the major part of the human brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer that covers the brain and consists of three layers?

<p>Cranial meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer layer of the cranial meninges is called __________.

<p>dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the brain with their primary functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Processing sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulating thirst and hunger Thalamus = Relay station for sensory signals Cerebellum = Coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is involved in thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers have a myelin sheath.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain is composed of the cerebrum, thalamus, and spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the folded layer of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The membrane of a neuron is primarily more permeable to __________ ions at rest.

<p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily found in the embryonic stage?

<p>Unipolar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During resting potential, sodium ions (Na+) have a higher concentration inside the axon compared to outside.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the ion channels that are selectively permeable on the neural membrane.

<p>Ion channels for sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?

<p>Controlling body temperature and urges for eating and drinking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is located between the pons and the hypothalamus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures make up the hindbrain?

<p>Pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ provides connections between the brain and spinal cord.

<p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is significant for the regulation of emotional reactions?

<p>Limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the brain with their primary functions:

<p>Pons = Interconnects different regions of the brain Cerebellum = Controls balance and coordination Medulla = Regulates respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

All axons in the human body are myelinated.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the round swellings found in the dorsal portion of the midbrain called?

<p>Corpora quadrigemina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature and hunger?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is primarily responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular reflexes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

<p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is involved in emotional responses and motivation?

<p>Limbic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral neural system comprises the brain and spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one function of the cerebellum.

<p>Coordination and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers are enclosed by a Schwann cell that forms a myelin sheath.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of _____ and negatively charged proteins.

<p>Potassium ions (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion is the axonal membrane more permeable to during resting potential?

<p>Potassium ions (K+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in autonomous and somatic neural systems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a neuron is at rest, the membrane is nearly impermeable to _____ ions.

<p>Sodium (Na+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Afferent fibres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The efferent nerve fibres relay impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary components of a neuron are the cell body, __________, and axon.

<p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parasympathetic neural system?

<p>Regulate involuntary body functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visceral nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do neurotransmitters do at the synaptic knob?

<p>They transmit signals to the next neuron or muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the central nervous system is responsible for coordination and balance?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?

<p>They transmit impulses across the synapse between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the brain with their functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Higher cognitive functions Midbrain = Integrates sensory inputs Pons = Connects different brain regions Medulla = Controls vital autonomic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the hindbrain?

<p>Thalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The synaptic cleft separates the pre-synaptic neuron from the post-synaptic neuron.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the human brain is primarily responsible for emotional regulation?

<p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?

<p>To maintain ionic gradients by transporting ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the axonal membrane at site A when a stimulus is applied?

<p>It becomes permeable to Na+ and depolarizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the depolarization of the axon, what happens to the polarity at site A?

<p>The inner surface becomes negatively charged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their descriptions:

<p>Resting potential = The electrical potential difference during inactivity Depolarization = The reversal of charge polarity across the membrane Sodium-potassium pump = Active transport mechanism for Na+ and K+ Ionic gradients = Concentration differences of ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The influx of Na+ during action potential leads to a decrease in membrane potential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

<p>To facilitate the binding to specific receptors and open ion channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex is referred to as gray matter due to its color and concentration of neuron cell bodies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major parts of the brain?

<p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The deep cleft divides the cerebrum into two halves called the ________ hemispheres.

<p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Regulating circadian rhythms and vital body functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain is the smallest part of the human brain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three layers of the cranial meninges.

<p>Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the components that make up the hindbrain.

<p>Pons, cerebellum, or medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the midbrain contains corpora quadrigemina?

<p>Dorsal portion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is involved only in emotion and does not regulate motivation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nerve impulse along the axon membrane?

<p>It is conducted as a wave of depolarization and repolarization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the central neural system (CNS)?

<p>Information processing and control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and one axon?

<p>Multipolar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two systems coordinate to ensure the organs function in a synchronized fashion?

<p>Neural system and endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The myelinated nerve fibers are identified by the presence of Schwann cells.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called __________.

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects various parts of the brain?

<p>Brainstem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily impermeable to the axonal membrane when a neuron is at rest?

<p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human neural system is less organized compared to that of lower invertebrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the functions of the organs after physical exercise is stopped?

<p>They gradually return to their normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bipolar neurons are found exclusively in the cerebral cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibers are typically found in the autonomous and somatic neural systems?

<p>unmyelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What layer of the cranial meninges is in contact with the brain tissue?

<p>Pia mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex is known as white matter due to its lighter appearance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is primarily involved in processing emotions?

<p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

<p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the generation of an action potential at site B?

<p>Current flowing from site A to site B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters at a chemical synapse?

<p>To transmit impulses between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ separates the membranes of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons at a chemical synapse.

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain consists only of the cerebrum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ions with their roles during the action potential:

<p>Na+ = Increases permeability and initiates depolarization K+ = Restores resting potential after depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about action potentials is true?

<p>Depolarization is followed by repolarization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nerve impulse can jump between nodes of Ranvier in myelinated neurons.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition of the axonal membrane during resting potential?

<p>The inside is negatively charged compared to the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives the white matter its opaque white appearance?

<p>Myelin sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus plays a significant role in regulating emotions such as pleasure and rage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the brain to the spinal cord?

<p>Brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance is the __________.

<p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following regions of the brain to their primary functions:

<p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and hormones Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statement is true regarding the midbrain?

<p>It is located between the forebrain and hindbrain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is not involved in the motivation and emotional reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure passes through the midbrain?

<p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hindbrain includes the cerebrum and thalamus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

<p>They transmit impulses across a chemical synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ connects the two halves of the cerebrum.

<p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain parts with their functions:

<p>Cerebellum = Coordinates movements and balance Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Thalamus = Relay center for sensory information Pons = Interconnects different regions of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of the limbic system?

<p>Regulates emotions and motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Action potential involves a rise in permeability to potassium ions (K+).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one major component of the central nervous system (CNS).

<p>Brain or spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters at the synapse?

<p>To transmit signals across the synaptic cleft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An action potential is produced when a stimulus increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ ions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element is transported outward by the sodium-potassium pump?

<p>Sodium (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane during depolarization?

<p>The outer surface becomes negatively charged and the inner surface becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fluid-filled space between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is called the __________.

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

During resting potential, the inner surface of the axonal membrane is positively charged.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of synapse allows the direct flow of electrical current between neurons?

<p>Electrical synapses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________ when a stimulus is applied.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charges on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane when depolarization occurs?

<p>The outer surface becomes positively charged, and the inner surface becomes negatively charged. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which site is the action potential generated during the process described?

<p>Site A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is slower than across a chemical synapse.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of action potential with their actions:

<p>Depolarization = Rapid influx of Na+ Repolarization = Efflux of K+ Resting potential = Negative inner charge Action potential = Change in membrane polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sodium-potassium pump transports potassium ions out of the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the reversal of polarity at site A when a stimulus is applied?

<p>Rapid influx of Na+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

<p>Regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for the regulation of emotions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the human neural system?

<p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

<p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs?

<p>Midbrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each part of the brain with its primary function:

<p>Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Control of respiration Thalamus = Sensory relay Hindbrain = Basic life functions like heartbeat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses at electrical synapses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sodium ions (Na+) play in the generation of action potentials?

<p>They increase membrane permeability, allowing depolarization to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibres carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs?

<p>Efferent fibres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic neural system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the CNS to the involuntary organs is called the __________ neural system.

<p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the distal end of the axon at a synapse?

<p>Synaptic knob (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dendrites transmit impulses away from the cell body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters and where are they found?

<p>Chemicals found in synaptic vesicles at synaptic knobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives the white appearance to the layer of the cerebral hemisphere?

<p>Myelin sheath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating body temperature and the urge for eating and drinking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major regions that comprise the brainstem?

<p>Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

The complex structure involved in the regulation of emotions and motivation is known as the ________ system.

<p>limbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures of the brain with their functions:

<p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Cerebellum = Coordination and balance control Medulla = Controls respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Amygdala = Involved in emotional reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain lies at the base of the thalamus?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain contains structures known as corpora quadrigemina.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The canal that passes through the midbrain is called the ________ aqueduct.

<p>cerebral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neuron types has one axon and two or more dendrites?

<p>Multipolar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers are commonly found in the autonomic and somatic neural systems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers are enveloped by __________ which forms a myelin sheath.

<p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

During rest, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

<p>Potassium ions (K+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon contains a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CNS primarily consist of?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral neural system (PNS) is responsible for processing information and control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily responsible for the functions of the neural system?

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ system provides a network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the endocrine system?

<p>Provides chemical integration through hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neural system in lower invertebrates is more complex than that in vertebrates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activities of the body systems after physical exercise is stopped?

<p>They gradually return to normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses?

<p>To transmit impulses across the synaptic cleft (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane's permeability during the action potential?

<p>The permeability to Na+ increases followed by an increase in permeability to K+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of synaptic transmission with their descriptions:

<p>Pre-synaptic neuron = Neuron that sends the signal Post-synaptic neuron = Neuron that receives the signal Electrical synapse = Direct flow of electrical current Chemical synapse = Transmission using neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates current flow from site A to site B in an axon?

<p>Action potential generated at site A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise in permeability to Na+ is short-lived and followed by a rise in permeability to Ca2+.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the nature of electrical synapses.

<p>Electrical synapses allow direct flow of electrical current between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the sodium-potassium pump's activity at rest?

<p>It maintains a positive charge outside the axon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during resting potential.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is called when the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane is established?

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

An influx of Na+ during a stimulus results in the __________ of the membrane.

<p>depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the dendrites in a neuron?

<p>To transmit impulses towards the cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axon ends in structures called __________ that contain neurotransmitters.

<p>synaptic knobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic neural system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A stimulus decreases the permeability of the membrane to Na+ at the site of application.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charge of the membrane at site A during depolarization?

<p>It reverses, making the outer surface negatively charged and the inner surface positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic neural system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure comprises the whole complex of nerves and fibers transmitting impulses between the CNS and the viscera?

<p>Visceral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Processing sensory information and memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is responsible for thermoregulation and controlling hunger.

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain for sensory and voluntary functions Thalamus = Relay station for sensory information Hippocampus = Memory processing Amygdala = Emotion regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of potential can be generated in the post-synaptic neuron?

<p>Either excitatory or inhibitory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dura mater is the innermost layer of the cranial meninges.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the neurotransmitters responsible for at the synapse?

<p>They bind to receptors and open ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, eating, and drinking?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is involved in processing visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons?

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system.

<p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly differentiates between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

<p>Myelinated axons are faster in impulse transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is primarily involved with motor control and sensory processing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is essential for generating an action potential in a neuron?

<p>Na+ (sodium ion)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the sodium-potassium pump in the axonal membrane?

<p>To maintain ionic gradients across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the resting potential, the outer surface of the axonal membrane has a negative charge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs at point A of the axonal membrane when a stimulus is applied?

<p>The membrane becomes depolarized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The difference in electrical charge across the resting plasma membrane is referred to as the __________.

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the charge on the outer surface of the membrane when depolarization occurs?

<p>It becomes negatively charged. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ions with their concentration during resting potential:

<p>Na+ = High outside the axon K+ = Low outside the axon Cl- = Moderate inside cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which point does the sodium influx primarily occur during nerve impulse transmission?

<p>Point A</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner side of the axonal membrane is positively charged during resting potential.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron has a polarized membrane in its __________ state.

<p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to which ion?

<p>Potassium (K+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon has a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) during resting potential.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Schwann cells?

<p>To form a myelin sheath around the axon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central neural system includes all the nerves of the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system in relation to the neural system?

<p>Chemical integration through hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human neural system is responsible for detecting, receiving, and transmitting different kinds of __________.

<p>stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the central neural system?

<p>Nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do muscles, lungs, heart, and kidneys play during physical exercise?

<p>They work together to meet increased energy and oxygen demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All animals have a highly specialized neural system composed of neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the generation of an action potential at site B?

<p>Increased permeability to Na+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are the chemicals involved in impulse transmission at chemical synapses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of synapses mentioned in the content?

<p>Electrical synapses and chemical synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flow of current across electrical synapses is very similar to conduction along a __________.

<p>single axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ion movements with their effects during an action potential:

<p>Na+ = Rushes into the cell causing depolarization K+ = Diffuses out of the cell restoring resting potential Action Potential = Electrical impulse signal along the neuron Resting Potential = State of the neuron before stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes electrical synapses?

<p>They allow direct electrical current flow between neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical synapses are found in very close proximity with no gaps between the neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vesicles at the axon terminals?

<p>To store and release neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Processes vision and hearing (B), Contains neuron cell bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain consists solely of the cerebellum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of the __________ is to regulate hunger and thirst.

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the brain to their functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain responsible for processing information Thalamus = Relay station for sensory information Hypothalamus = Regulates endocrine functions and homeostasis Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synaptic cleft?

<p>They bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain is part of the hindbrain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer layer of the cranial meninges called?

<p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is primarily concerned with movement coordination and balance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons in a synapse?

<p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is the part of the brain that integrates visual, tactile, and auditory inputs.

<p>midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the central neural system (CNS)?

<p>Brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regards to the generation of action potential, what role does Na+ play?

<p>Sodium ions (Na+) cause depolarization of the neuron membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a stimulus is applied, the membrane at point A becomes freely permeable to __________.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner surface of the axonal membrane becomes negatively charged during depolarization.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS?

<p>Afferent fibres (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately when depolarization occurs at a site of the axon?

<p>A rapid influx of Na+ occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ nervous system is involved in regulating the body's involuntary actions.

<p>autonomic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are the primary functional units of the endocrine system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neurotransmitters in a neuron?

<p>Transmit signals across synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?

<p>Permeability to Na+ increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The impulse transmitted across electrical synapses is slower than that across chemical synapses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the gap between a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron?

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

What restores the resting potential of the membrane after an action potential?

<p>Diffusion of K+ outside the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are released from the post-synaptic neuron.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the membrane's charge during depolarization at site A?

<p>The membrane becomes positively charged on the inner surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for controlling respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is involved in the regulation of emotional reactions and motivations.

<p>limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain regions with their primary functions:

<p>Thalamus = Major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling Cerebellum = Coordination and balance Medulla = Control of respiration and cardiovascular reflexes Hippocampus = Memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of heartbeat and blood pressure?

<p>Medulla oblongata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The white matter of the brain appears gray due to the myelin sheath covering the fibers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the neural system is primarily responsible for integrating functions and homeostatic activities?

<p>neural system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Controlling voluntary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for processing information from the sensory organs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and post-synaptic neuron is called the __________.

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following brain parts with their functions:

<p>Cerebrum = Major part of the brain responsible for higher functions Thalamus = Relays sensory information to the cortex Hypothalamus = Regulates autonomic functions and homeostasis Cerebellum = Coordinates balance and motor control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for excitatory potentials in the post-synaptic neuron?

<p>Glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature, eating, and drinking?

<p>Hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The synaptic cleft is the space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are association areas responsible for?

<p>Complex functions like memory and communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ integrates information from the auditory system and balances.

<p>cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs at the synapse to transmit impulse from one neuron to another?

<p>Synaptic transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is responsible for processing olfaction and emotional reactions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the parts of the brain divided into three major sections.

<p>Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

During resting potential, the axonal membrane is more permeable to _______ ions.

<p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of membrane potential allows neurons to generate and conduct impulses?

<p>Action potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of axons.

<p>Myelinated and non-myelinated</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the axonal membrane?

<p>Sodium-potassium pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the electrical potential difference across the resting plasma membrane?

<p>resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a neuron is stimulated, the membrane at the site of stimulation becomes freely permeable to __________.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ionic states with their charges during the resting potential:

<p>Outer surface = Positive charge Inner surface = Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after a stimulus is applied to a neuron?

<p>Na+ influx rapidly occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner side of the axonal membrane becomes positively charged when depolarized.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of body temperature, eating, and drinking?

<p>Hypothalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is responsible for memory and emotional responses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are neurotransmitters and their role in the nervous system?

<p>Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals across the synapse from one neuron to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum.

<p>corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the peripheral neural system (PNS) is correct?

<p>It connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla is part of the forebrain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gap between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons is known as the ________.

<p>synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neural system is responsible for chemical integration through hormones?

<p>Endocrine system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral neural system consists only of the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main divisions of the human neural system?

<p>Central neural system (CNS) and peripheral neural system (PNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network of neurons is found in lower invertebrates such as ________.

<p>Hydra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurons in the neural system?

<p>To detect, receive, and transmit stimuli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central neural system includes the brain but not the spinal cord.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The limbic system is only responsible for emotional reactions and does not involve motivation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ of the brain controls respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.

<p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in the expression of emotional reactions such as pleasure and rage?

<p>Amygdala (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The white matter of the brain is composed of neuronal cell bodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electrical potential difference across the resting neural membrane called?

<p>Resting potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?

<p>To act as a gap for neurotransmitters to diffuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The transmission of impulses across electrical synapses is always slower than that at chemical synapses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs immediately after sodium ions (Na+) diffuse into the neuron during an action potential?

<p>Depolarization of the neuron occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are released from the __________ of a pre-synaptic neuron.

<p>axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ions with their roles in action potential generation:

<p>Na+ = Causes depolarization K+ = Restores resting potential Cl- = Inhibitory effect Ca2+ = Triggers neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of synapse allows for electrical current to flow directly from one neuron to another?

<p>Electrical synapse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An action potential generates a negative charge on the outer surface of the axon membrane during depolarization.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of neurotransmitters in the transmission of nerve impulses.

<p>Neurotransmitters transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic neuron, activating it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is part of the midbrain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary command and control system of the body?

<p>The brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex contains mostly myelinated neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is known as the grey matter in the brain?

<p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives the white matter its characteristic appearance?

<p>Myelin sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla is responsible for controlling respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ is a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling.

<p>thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures of the brain with their primary functions:

<p>Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature and hunger Cerebellum = Coordinates movement and balance Amygdala = Regulates emotional responses Hippocampus = Involved in memory formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in regulating emotional reactions such as pleasure and fear?

<p>Limbic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The midbrain contains the pons and the medulla.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner parts of the cerebral hemispheres, including structures like the amygdala and hippocampus, form the ________ lobe.

<p>limbic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

<p>Information processing and control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The human neural system consists only of the central nervous system (CNS).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ system provides quick coordination through a network of point-to-point connections.

<p>neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system connects the CNS to various organs and systems in the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells compose the neural system for the detection and transmission of stimuli?

<p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ion concentration is higher outside the axon during resting potential?

<p>Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sodium-potassium pump transports 3 Na+ ions into the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped out.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a stimulus is applied at point A, the membrane becomes permeable to _____ ions.

<p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of action potential with their descriptions:

<p>Depolarization = Membrane potential becomes more positive Repolarization = Membrane potential returns to resting state Hyperpolarization = Membrane potential becomes more negative Resting potential = Stable state of a neuron at rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs at point A during depolarization?

<p>The inner surface becomes positively charged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated nerve fibers are more common in the cranial and spinal nerves than in the autonomic nervous system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner surface of the axonal membrane possesses a positive charge during resting potential.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to become negatively charged?

<p>influx of Na+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ state of a neuron exists when it is not conducting any impulse.

<p>resting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is more permeable in a resting neuron?

<p>Potassium ions (K+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The axoplasm inside the axon contains a low concentration of Na+ during resting potential.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of neurotransmitters are involved in transmitting impulses across synapses?

<p>Chemical neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic neural system controls voluntary actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of the neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body is called the __________.

<p>dendrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for relaying impulses to involuntary organs and smooth muscles?

<p>Autonomic neural system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are parts of the peripheral nervous system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neural Coordination

The process where multiple organs work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for information processing and control.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The part of the nervous system that consists of all nerves connected to the CNS, responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.

Neuron

A specialized cell in the nervous system that detects, receives, and transmits stimuli.

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Neural System

A network of specialized cells (neurons) responsible for coordinating bodily functions and responses to stimuli.

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Human Nervous System

The complex network of nerves and cells that transmit signals throughout the body, coordinating actions and responses.

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Coordination

Process where two or more parts work together to perform a task.

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Organ Coordination

Organs working together for a shared purpose.

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Afferent nerve fibers

Transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS.

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Efferent nerve fibers

Transmit impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues/organs.

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Somatic neural system

Relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic neural system

Transmits impulses to involuntary organs & smooth muscles.

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Cell body (neuron)

Contains cytoplasm and Nissl's granules.

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Dendrites

Short, branching fibers that transmit impulses towards the cell body.

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Axon

Long fiber transmitting impulses away from the cell body.

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Neuron Types

Neurons are classified into three types based on the number of axons and dendrites: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.

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Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with one axon and two or more dendrites, commonly found in the cerebral cortex.

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Bipolar Neuron

A neuron with one axon and one dendrite, found in the retina of the eye.

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Unipolar Neuron

A neuron with one axon and no distinct dendrites, usually found in the embryonic stage.

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Myelinated Nerve Fiber

A nerve fiber covered by a myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells, which insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths on a myelinated nerve fiber.

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Axon Polarization

The resting state of a neuron, where the inside of the axon is negatively charged relative to the outside.

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Ion Channels

Specialized proteins in the neuron's membrane allowing specific ions (like sodium and potassium) to pass through.

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Action Potential

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron during nerve impulse transmission.

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Nerve Impulse

The same as an action potential; a signal traveling along a neuron.

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How is the action potential conducted?

The action potential travels down the axon by depolarization, where the membrane potential becomes less negative. This process is repeated along the axon, transmitting the signal.

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Depolarization

The process where the membrane potential of a neuron becomes less negative.

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons where a signal is transmitted.

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Synaptic Cleft

The small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron at a chemical synapse.

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Neurotransmitter

A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.

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How do neurotransmitters work?

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response.

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Resting Potential

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is not transmitting a signal.

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Sodium-Potassium Pump

A protein pump that actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the neuron and potassium ions (K+) into the neuron, maintaining the concentration gradient.

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What maintains the ionic gradient?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the neuron and potassium ions (K+) into the neuron.

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What causes Depolarization?

Stimulus causes the membrane to become permeable to sodium ions (Na+), leading to a rapid influx of Na+.

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Why is the outer surface of the axonal membrane positive?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions outwards for every 2 K+ ions transported into the cell, resulting in a net positive charge on the outer surface.

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Why is the inner surface of the axonal membrane negative?

The outward movement of Na+ ions and inward movement of K+ ions by the sodium-potassium pump creates a net negative charge on the inner surface.

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White matter

The inner part of the cerebral hemisphere, consisting of myelinated axons, giving it a white appearance.

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Thalamus

A major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling in the brain, located above the hypothalamus.

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Hypothalamus

A brain structure located below the thalamus, responsible for controlling body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone regulation.

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Limbic system

A complex brain structure including the hippocampus and amygdala, involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.

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Midbrain

The brain region located between the forebrain and hindbrain, containing the cerebral aqueduct and corpora quadrigemina.

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Corpora quadrigemina

Four round swellings (lobes) in the midbrain, involved in visual and auditory reflexes.

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Hindbrain

The lower part of the brain consisting of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata, responsible for vital functions like breathing and heart rate.

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Cerebellum

A highly folded structure in the hindbrain responsible for coordination, balance, and motor learning.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.

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Coordination (in Biology)

How different parts of the body work together to perform a shared task.

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Endocrine System

Uses hormones to regulate bodily functions and communicate between cells.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system.

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Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

Two branches of the autonomic nervous system that have opposing effects on the body. Sympathetic prepares for 'fight-or-flight' responses, while parasympathetic promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

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Visceral Nervous System

Part of the PNS that relays information between the CNS and internal organs, facilitating communication and control.

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Nissl's Granules

Granular bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons, playing a role in protein synthesis.

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Synaptic Vesicles

Small sacs within the axon terminal that store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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Post-synaptic Membrane

The membrane of the neuron receiving the signal, containing receptors for neurotransmitters.

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Excitatory Potential

A type of potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential.

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Inhibitory Potential

A type of potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

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Corpus Callosum

A thick band of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.

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What is a synapse?

A junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted. It can be either electrical or chemical.

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What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

The brain and the spinal cord. The CNS is like the control center of the body, processing information and sending out commands.

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What does the forebrain consist of?

The cerebrum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. The forebrain is the largest and most complex part of the brain, involved in higher cognitive functions.

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What is the cerebellum responsible for?

It integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system. It's crucial for coordination, balance, and motor learning.

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What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

It contains centers that control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes, and gastric secretions. It plays a crucial role in maintaining vital functions.

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What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Chemicals that transmit nerve impulses across a synapse. They carry information from one neuron to another.

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What is the difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?

Myelinated axons are covered by a myelin sheath, which speeds up signal transmission. Non-myelinated axons lack this sheath, resulting in slower signal transmission.

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How does an action potential travel down an axon?

An action potential travels down an axon through a process called depolarization. This involves a rapid influx of sodium ions, changing the membrane potential.

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What is neural coordination?

The process where different parts of the nervous system work together to control and regulate bodily functions.

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What's the difference between CNS and PNS?

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, processing information. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the network of nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

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What are neurons?

Specialized cells that transmit signals throughout the nervous system, allowing communication between different parts of the body.

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What are the parts of a neuron?

A neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites (receiving signals), and an axon (transmitting signals).

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What are neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses, allowing communication between neurons.

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What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A fatty covering surrounding some axons that speeds up signal transmission by insulating the axon.

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What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest-and-digest' activities.

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Myelinated vs. Unmyelinated Axons

Myelinated axons are covered by a myelin sheath, which acts as insulation and speeds up signal transmission. Unmyelinated axons lack this sheath, resulting in slower signal transmission.

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What makes a neuron 'excitable'?

Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a polarized state. This polarization is due to the difference in ion concentrations inside and outside the cell, specifically Na+ and K+ ions.

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What is the role of ion channels?

They allow specific ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), to cross the neuron's membrane, playing a crucial role in the generation of action potentials.

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Medulla oblongata

The lower part of the brainstem, connecting the brain to the spinal cord. It controls essential functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

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Synaptic Knob

Bulb-like structure at the end of an axon that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse.

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Neurotransmitter Release

When an impulse reaches the axon terminal, synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher cognitive functions.

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How do organs coordinate?

Organs interact and complement each other's functions to maintain homeostasis, like during exercise when muscles need more oxygen and the heart pumps faster.

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What are the 2 systems for coordination?

The neural system (using nerve impulses) and the endocrine system (using hormones) work together to coordinate body functions.

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What are 3 types of neurons?

Neurons are classified into three types based on their structure: multipolar (most common), bipolar (found in the retina), and unipolar (usually found in the embryonic stage).

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Afferent vs. Efferent

Afferent fibers carry sensory information from the body to the CNS, while efferent fibers carry motor commands from the CNS to the body.

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Somatic vs. Autonomic

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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Neuron's Parts

The neuron consists of a cell body (soma), dendrites (receiving signals), and an axon (transmitting signals).

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Forebrain

The largest and most complex part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, emotions, and memory.

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Afferent vs. Efferent Fibers

Afferent fibers carry sensory information from the body to the CNS. Efferent fibers carry motor commands from the CNS to the body.

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Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

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What are Nissl's granules?

Granular bodies found in the cytoplasm of neurons, they play a role in protein synthesis.

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What are synaptic vesicles?

Small sacs within the axon terminal that store and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

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What is a synaptic knob?

A bulb-like structure at the end of an axon that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse.

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What is the cerebral cortex?

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher cognitive functions.

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What causes the outer surface of the axonal membrane to be positively charged?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports more sodium ions (Na+) outwards than potassium ions (K+) inwards, resulting in a net positive charge on the outer surface of the axon.

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What causes the inner surface of the axonal membrane to be negatively charged?

The outward movement of sodium ions (Na+) and inward movement of potassium ions (K+) by the sodium-potassium pump create a net negative charge on the inner surface of the axon.

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What happens when a stimulus is applied to a neuron?

When a stimulus is applied, the membrane of the neuron becomes permeable to sodium ions (Na+). This leads to a rapid influx of Na+, resulting in depolarization of the membrane at that site and an action potential.

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What is the role of the concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?

The concentration gradients of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the membrane are crucial for the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. Depolarization and repolarization depend on these gradients.

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What does a neuron consist of?

A cell body (soma), dendrites (receiving signals), and an axon (transmitting signals).

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Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, processing information. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the network of nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

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What are the parts of the forebrain?

The cerebrum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

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What does the human neural system consist of?

It's composed of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves connecting the CNS to the body.

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What are the main parts of a neuron?

A neuron has three main parts: the cell body (soma) which contains the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals, and an axon which transmits signals away from the cell body.

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What is an action potential?

An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, transmitting information. It's like a domino effect, where the signal travels from one point to the next.

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What are the two main systems for coordination in the body?

(i) Neural system: Uses nerve impulses for rapid communication and control. (ii) Endocrine system: Uses hormones for slower, long-lasting actions.

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What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A fatty covering surrounding some axons that speeds up signal transmission by acting as insulation.

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What is the brain's structure?

The human brain is divided into three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, each responsible for different functions.

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What is the forebrain responsible for?

The cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus form the forebrain. It's involved in higher cognitive functions like thinking, emotions, and memory.

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What are the roles of the afferent and efferent fibers?

Afferent fibers carry sensory information from the body to the CNS, while efferent fibers carry motor commands from the CNS to the body.

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Myelinated Axon

A nerve fiber covered with a myelin sheath made by Schwann cells. This sheath acts as an insulator, speeding up signal transmission.

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How does an action potential travel?

The action potential travels down the axon by depolarization, which occurs in a wave-like pattern. This process is repeated along the axon, transmitting the signal.

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Somatic Nervous System

Part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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What is the role of the dendrites?

Short, branching fibers that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.

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What is the role of the axon?

A long fiber that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty covering surrounding some axons, acting as insulation and speeding up signal transmission.

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What is the CNS?

The brain and the spinal cord, which process information and send out commands to the body.

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What is the PNS?

The network of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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What are the 3 types of neurons?

Neurons are classified into three types based on their structure: multipolar (most common), bipolar (found in the retina), and unipolar (usually found in the embryonic stage).

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What is a neuron?

A specialized cell that transmits signals throughout the nervous system, allowing communication between different parts of the body.

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Afferent Fibers

Nerve fibers that carry sensory information from tissues and organs to the Central Nervous System (CNS).

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Efferent Fibers

Nerve fibers that carry motor commands from the CNS to tissues and organs.

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Electrical Synapse

A type of synapse where electrical current flows directly between neurons.

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Chemical Synapse

A type of synapse where communication between neurons is facilitated by chemical messengers (neurotransmitters).

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Why is the outer surface of the axon positive?

The outward movement of Na+ ions by the sodium-potassium pump leaves a net positive charge on the outer surface of the axonal membrane.

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Why is the inner surface of the axon negative?

The inward movement of K+ ions by the sodium-potassium pump creates a net negative charge inside the axon.

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Concentration Gradients in Nerve Impulse Propagation

The concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ ions across the membrane play a vital role in generating and propagating nerve impulses, as depolarization and repolarization depend on these gradients.

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What are the two main parts of the nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

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How does a stimulus affect a neuron?

A stimulus causes the membrane to become permeable to sodium ions (Na+). This leads to a rapid influx of Na+, resulting in depolarization of the membrane at that site and an action potential.

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What's the importance of concentration gradients in nerve impulse propagation?

The concentration gradients of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the membrane are crucial for the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. Depolarization and repolarization depend on these gradients.

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Role of ion channels

They allow specific ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), to cross the neuron's membrane, playing a crucial role in the generation of action potentials.

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How is impulse conducted?

The action potential travels along the axon by depolarization, where the membrane potential becomes less negative. This process is repeated along the axon, transmitting the signal.

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How does a stimulus trigger an action potential?

A stimulus causes the membrane to become more permeable to sodium ions (Na+). This allows Na+ to rush into the cell, causing depolarization, reaching a threshold that triggers the action potential.

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Why does the axonal membrane become polarized?

The active transport of sodium ions (Na+) outwards and potassium ions (K+) inwards by the sodium-potassium pump creates a net negative charge inside the axon and a net positive charge outside.

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What happens after an action potential?

After depolarization, the membrane repolarizes as potassium ions (K+) move out of the neuron, restoring the negative charge inside. The sodium-potassium pump then restores the original ion distribution.

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Axon Terminal

The end of an axon where it communicates with other neurons or target cells.

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What are dendrites?

Short, branching fibers that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body.

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What is the axon?

A long fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons or tissues.

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What does the myelin sheath do?

A fatty covering surrounding some axons that acts as insulation and speeds up signal transmission. Myelin is like the insulation on electrical wires.

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What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses (like increased heart rate and breathing). The parasympathetic system promotes 'rest-and-digest' activities (like slowing heart rate and digestion).

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Concentration Gradient

The difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane, like the difference in Na+ and K+ concentrations inside and outside the neuron.

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What makes the outer surface of the axon positive?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports more Na+ ions outwards than K+ ions inwards, resulting in a net positive charge on the outer surface of the axon.

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What makes the inner surface of the axon negative?

The outward movement of Na+ ions and inward movement of K+ ions by the sodium-potassium pump create a net negative charge on the inner surface of the axon.

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What does the thalamus do?

It is a major coordinating center for sensory and motor signaling in the brain.

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What does the cerebellum do?

It has a highly folded surface to provide space for many neurons. It integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system and is crucial for coordination, balance, and motor learning.

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What are the two parts of the human neural system?

(i) Central Neural System (CNS) which consists of the brain and spinal cord. (ii) Peripheral Neural System which consists of all nerves connected to the CNS.

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What is the function of the forebrain?

The forebrain is responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, emotions, and memory. It consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

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What is the role of the cerebellum?

The cerebellum integrates information from the semicircular canals of the ear and the auditory system. It's crucial for coordination, balance, and motor learning.

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What is homeostasis?

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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What are the two main coordination systems?

The neural system uses nerve impulses for quick communication, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

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What are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic system prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, while the parasympathetic system promotes 'rest and digest' activities.

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Reversal of Polarity

During depolarization, the polarity of the membrane at the site of stimulation is reversed. This means the outer surface of the membrane becomes negatively charged and the inner side positively charged.

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How is the charge difference maintained?

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions outwards for every 2 K+ ions transported into the cell, resulting in a net positive charge on the outer surface and a net negative charge on the inner surface of the axon.

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What is the Role of Concentration Gradients?

The concentration gradients of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the membrane are crucial for the generation and propagation of nerve impulses. Depolarization and repolarization depend on these gradients.

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What happens when a stimulus is applied?

When a stimulus is applied, the membrane of the neuron becomes permeable to sodium ions (Na+). This leads to a rapid influx of Na+, resulting in depolarization of the membrane at that site and an action potential.

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Synaptic Transmission

The process where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic) to another neuron (postsynaptic) at a synapse.

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Neurotransmitter Role

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response.

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Forebrain Components

The forebrain consists of three main parts: cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

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Cerebrum Function

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain responsible for higher-level functions, including voluntary movements, memory, learning, and language.

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Thalamus Role

The thalamus acts as a relay center for sensory information, directing it to the appropriate areas of the cerebrum.

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Hypothalamus Function

The hypothalamus controls essential functions like body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone regulation.

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Sympathetic Neural System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses, like increased heart rate and adrenaline release.

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Parasympathetic Neural System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that promotes 'rest-and-digest' activities, like slowing heart rate and stimulating digestion.

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Neuron Structure

A microscopic structure composed of three main parts: cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.

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Study Notes

Neural Control and Coordination

  • Coordination is the interaction of organs to maintain homeostasis.
  • Physical exercise increases energy demand, requiring more oxygen, which increases respiratory rate, heart rate and blood flow.
  • The neural and endocrine systems coordinate organ function.
  • The neural system provides point-to-point connections for rapid communication.
  • The endocrine system integrates using hormones.

Human Neural System

  • Divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord for information processing and control.
  • The PNS consists of nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body.
  • Nerve fibers in the PNS are afferent (to CNS) and efferent (from CNS).
  • Somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscles.
  • Autonomic nervous system controls involuntary organs (e.g., heart, lungs, digestion).
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are further sub-divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
  • Visceral nervous system is part of PNS, controlling connections to internal organs/viscera.

Neuron as Functional Unit

  • A neuron has a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
  • Dendrites receive signals.
  • Axons transmit signals.
  • Nissl's granules are present in cell bodies.
  • Myelin sheath (from Schwann cells) insulates axons in some neurons.
  • Gaps in myelin are Nodes of Ranvier.

Nerve Impulse Generation and Conduction

  • Neurons are excitable, meaning they can change their electrical state rapidly.
  • Resting potential: difference in charge across a neuron's membrane when not transmitting a signal.
  • Action potential: rapid change in membrane potential when stimulated, creating a nerve impulse (depolarisation followed by repolarisation).
  • The impulse travels along the axon, triggered by an influx of sodium ions, with potassium ions following to restore resting potential.
  • Impulse conduction occurs through rapid changes in membrane permeability to sodium and potassium ions.

Transmission of Impulses

  • Synapses are junctions between neurons or between neurons and effectors.
  • Chemical synapses involve chemical messengers (neurotransmitters).
  • Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles at the axon terminal (pre-synaptic).
  • Arrival of an impulse prompts their release; they bind to receptors on receiving cells (post-synaptic).
  • Neurotransmitter binding can initiate either an excitatory or inhibitory response.
  • Electrical synapses allow direct current flow between neurons.

Central Neural System Details

  • Protection of brain: skull and meninges (protective membranes).
  • Brain division: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
  • Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus.
    • Cerebrum, major part of the brain, is involved in higher functions, responsible for higher mental functions like reasoning, language and learning.
  • Midbrain: involved in eye movements and auditory reflexes.
  • Hindbrain: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.
    • Cerebellum controls balance and coordination.
    • Pons connects the cerebellum to other brain parts.
    • Medulla regulates vital body functions (respiration, heart rate).

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