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Questions and Answers
Which form of plasticity involves more sustained changes in synaptic strength?
Which form of plasticity involves more sustained changes in synaptic strength?
- Transient plasticity
- Immediate plasticity
- Short-term plasticity
- Long-term plasticity (correct)
What type of synaptic stimulation is often observed in long-term plasticity?
What type of synaptic stimulation is often observed in long-term plasticity?
- Transient
- Low-frequency
- Rapid
- Prolonged (correct)
Which signaling pathway is thought to mediate long-term plasticity?
Which signaling pathway is thought to mediate long-term plasticity?
- AMPAR-dependent pathway
- NMDA receptor-dependent pathway (correct)
- Glutamate receptor-independent pathway
- GABA receptor-dependent pathway
What type of changes characterize short-term plasticity?
What type of changes characterize short-term plasticity?
What does long-term potentiation (LTP) involve?
What does long-term potentiation (LTP) involve?
What is the role of intracellular signaling pathways in long-term plasticity?
What is the role of intracellular signaling pathways in long-term plasticity?
What distinguishes short-term and long-term plasticity in terms of duration?
What distinguishes short-term and long-term plasticity in terms of duration?
Which form of plasticity is more stable and can persist for extended periods of time?
Which form of plasticity is more stable and can persist for extended periods of time?
What are the molecular mechanisms involved in short-term and long-term plasticity?
What are the molecular mechanisms involved in short-term and long-term plasticity?
What characterizes long-term depression (LTD)?
What characterizes long-term depression (LTD)?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the modulatory interneurons in the context of sensitization?
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the modulatory interneurons in the context of sensitization?
Which process involves the activation of modulatory interneurons by stimulation of the tail?
Which process involves the activation of modulatory interneurons by stimulation of the tail?
What is the second messenger produced as a result of the activation of G protein Gαs in the context of sensitization?
What is the second messenger produced as a result of the activation of G protein Gαs in the context of sensitization?
Which protein kinase is activated as a result of cAMP production in the context of sensitization?
Which protein kinase is activated as a result of cAMP production in the context of sensitization?
What type of learning involves the association of one type of stimulus with another?
What type of learning involves the association of one type of stimulus with another?
During sensitization, what protein enhances the release of transmitter from sensory neurons' terminals through phosphorylation of several substrate proteins?
During sensitization, what protein enhances the release of transmitter from sensory neurons' terminals through phosphorylation of several substrate proteins?
Which molecule is activated by serotonin during sensitization, resulting in enhanced synaptic transmission?
Which molecule is activated by serotonin during sensitization, resulting in enhanced synaptic transmission?
What phenomenon involves the enhancement of synaptic transmission at several connections in the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex?
What phenomenon involves the enhancement of synaptic transmission at several connections in the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex?
What is the role of NMDA-type receptors in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the role of NMDA-type receptors in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What characterizes short-term plasticity?
What characterizes short-term plasticity?
What distinguishes sensitization from classical conditioning?
What distinguishes sensitization from classical conditioning?
What is the cellular mechanism that underlies learning and memory in the brain?
What is the cellular mechanism that underlies learning and memory in the brain?
What does classical conditioning involve?
What does classical conditioning involve?
What is the primary role of modulatory interneurons in sensitization?
What is the primary role of modulatory interneurons in sensitization?
What distinguishes long-term plasticity from short-term plasticity?
What distinguishes long-term plasticity from short-term plasticity?
What do N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activate during long-term plasticity?
What do N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activate during long-term plasticity?
What characterizes sensitization?
What characterizes sensitization?
What is a feature unique to classical conditioning?
What is a feature unique to classical conditioning?
What is the initial step in the long-term facilitation process following the initiation by a serotonergic interneuron?
What is the initial step in the long-term facilitation process following the initiation by a serotonergic interneuron?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the long-term facilitation process in Aplysia?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the long-term facilitation process in Aplysia?
What is the role of the ubiquitin hydrolase in the long-term facilitation process?
What is the role of the ubiquitin hydrolase in the long-term facilitation process?
Which of the following is a direct result of the activation of CREB-1 in the long-term facilitation process?
Which of the following is a direct result of the activation of CREB-1 in the long-term facilitation process?
What is the final step in the long-term facilitation process following the activation of CREB-1 and C/EBP?
What is the final step in the long-term facilitation process following the activation of CREB-1 and C/EBP?
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Study Notes
Forms of Synaptic Plasticity
- Long-term plasticity involves sustained changes in synaptic strength, contrasting with short-term plasticity which features brief changes.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) is characterized by lasting enhancements in synaptic strength, often induced by specific patterns of high-frequency stimulation.
Synaptic Stimulation and Mechanisms
- LTP often requires high-frequency, repetitive stimulation.
- Long-term depression (LTD) serves as a counterpart to LTP, involving sustained weakening of synapses.
- The intracellular signaling pathways that mediate long-term plasticity primarily involve protein kinases activated by second messengers like cAMP.
Distinctions between Plasticity Types
- Short-term plasticity is marked by rapid, temporary changes, while long-term plasticity is stable and can last for extended periods.
- Molecular mechanisms vary: short-term plasticity relies on pre-existing proteins and changes in neurotransmitter release, whereas long-term plasticity involves gene expression and new protein synthesis.
Sensitization and Kinase Activation
- Sensitization processes are activated by tail stimulation, leading to enhanced synaptic response.
- Serotonin, a key neurotransmitter released by modulatory interneurons, plays a crucial role in this enhancement.
- The activation of G protein Gαs yields cAMP, activating protein kinase A (PKA), which further amplifies transmitter release through phosphorylation.
Learning Processes and Associations
- Classical conditioning involves associating one stimulus with another, differentiating it from sensitization, which results from heightened responses due to repeated exposure.
- The role of NMDA-type receptors is vital in LTP, facilitating calcium influx that triggers downstream signaling cascades.
Long-term Facilitation and CREB Activation
- Sensitization enhances synaptic transmission via modulatory interneurons and involves a protein that phosphorylates several substrate proteins to boost transmitter release.
- Activation of the cAMP pathway triggers CREB-1, enhancing gene transcription necessary for long-term facilitation.
- The final step involves the activation of C/EBP upon CREB-1 activation, establishing long-term changes in synaptic strength.
Ubiquitin Hydrolase Role
- Ubiquitin hydrolase contributes to long-term facilitation, although specific processes unrelated to long-term facilitation may function within this pathway.
- Features unique to classical conditioning include the delayed association of stimuli and long-lasting memory traces formed through multiple steps, underlining its complexity compared to sensitization.
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