33 Questions
Which form of plasticity involves more sustained changes in synaptic strength?
Long-term plasticity
What type of synaptic stimulation is often observed in long-term plasticity?
Prolonged
Which signaling pathway is thought to mediate long-term plasticity?
NMDA receptor-dependent pathway
What type of changes characterize short-term plasticity?
Transient changes
What does long-term potentiation (LTP) involve?
Sustained changes in synaptic strength
What is the role of intracellular signaling pathways in long-term plasticity?
Activating transcription factors
What distinguishes short-term and long-term plasticity in terms of duration?
Short-term is transient, long-term is more stable
Which form of plasticity is more stable and can persist for extended periods of time?
Long-term plasticity
What are the molecular mechanisms involved in short-term and long-term plasticity?
Activation of intracellular signaling pathways and modification of synaptic strength.
What characterizes long-term depression (LTD)?
Sustained decrease in synaptic strength
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the modulatory interneurons in the context of sensitization?
Serotonin
Which process involves the activation of modulatory interneurons by stimulation of the tail?
Sensitization
What is the second messenger produced as a result of the activation of G protein Gαs in the context of sensitization?
cAMP
Which protein kinase is activated as a result of cAMP production in the context of sensitization?
Protein Kinase A (PKA)
What type of learning involves the association of one type of stimulus with another?
Classical conditioning
During sensitization, what protein enhances the release of transmitter from sensory neurons' terminals through phosphorylation of several substrate proteins?
Protein Kinase A (PKA)
Which molecule is activated by serotonin during sensitization, resulting in enhanced synaptic transmission?
Adenylate cyclase
What phenomenon involves the enhancement of synaptic transmission at several connections in the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex?
Sensitization
What is the role of NMDA-type receptors in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
They lead to the activation of protein kinases such as Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC)
What characterizes short-term plasticity?
It refers to the rapid and transient changes in synaptic strength that occur within seconds to minutes
What distinguishes sensitization from classical conditioning?
The timing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
What is the cellular mechanism that underlies learning and memory in the brain?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
What does classical conditioning involve?
The association of a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
What is the primary role of modulatory interneurons in sensitization?
Enhancement of synaptic transmission through presynaptic facilitation
What distinguishes long-term plasticity from short-term plasticity?
The duration of the changes in synaptic strength
What do N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activate during long-term plasticity?
Transcription factors such as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
What characterizes sensitization?
A heterosynaptic process induced by interneurons activated by the stimulus
What is a feature unique to classical conditioning?
Greater presynaptic facilitation due to timing of conditioned stimulus preceding unconditioned stimulus
What is the initial step in the long-term facilitation process following the initiation by a serotonergic interneuron?
Activation of protein kinase A (PKA)
Which of the following is NOT a part of the long-term facilitation process in Aplysia?
Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by adenylyl cyclase
What is the role of the ubiquitin hydrolase in the long-term facilitation process?
It leads to the regulated proteolysis of the regulatory subunit of PKA
Which of the following is a direct result of the activation of CREB-1 in the long-term facilitation process?
Phosphorylation of the cAMP-response element binding (CREB) protein
What is the final step in the long-term facilitation process following the activation of CREB-1 and C/EBP?
Activation of genes that encode proteins important for the growth of new synaptic connections
Test your knowledge of the neural circuit sensitization process, including the involvement of modulatory interneurons, serotonin release, and the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. This quiz covers the enhancement of synaptic transmission in the gill-withdrawal reflex.
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