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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the data link layer in the OSI model?
What is the main function of the data link layer in the OSI model?
Which layer of the OSI model is primarily concerned with the mechanical, electrical, and procedural means of transferring data?
Which layer of the OSI model is primarily concerned with the mechanical, electrical, and procedural means of transferring data?
What is a primary characteristic of the transport layer in the TCP/IP model?
What is a primary characteristic of the transport layer in the TCP/IP model?
In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for translating data into application-understandable formats?
In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for translating data into application-understandable formats?
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Which layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the network layer of the OSI model?
Which layer of the TCP/IP model is equivalent to the network layer of the OSI model?
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Which layer of the OSI model corresponds to the transmission of data between multiple devices?
Which layer of the OSI model corresponds to the transmission of data between multiple devices?
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What is the default subnet mask for a Class B IPv4 address?
What is the default subnet mask for a Class B IPv4 address?
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Which of the following protocols uses port number 80?
Which of the following protocols uses port number 80?
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What is the purpose of the loopback address 127.0.0.1?
What is the purpose of the loopback address 127.0.0.1?
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How is an IPv6 address structured?
How is an IPv6 address structured?
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Study Notes
OSI and TCP/IP Models
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Physical Layer (Layer 1): Handles physical connections (cables, switches) and signal transmission (electrical, optical, or radio waves). Basic unit is bits. Examples include Ethernet cables and fiber optics.
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Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Provides error-free data transfer between devices on the same network. Manages MAC addresses and frames. Examples include network switches and network interface cards (NICs).
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Network Layer (Layer 3): Handles routing, logical addressing (IP), and forwarding packets between networks. Examples include routers and IP versions (IPv4, IPv6).
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Transport Layer (Layer 4): Ensures reliable data delivery (e.g., TCP for guaranteed delivery, UDP for faster but unreliable transfer). Uses TCP, UDP, and port numbers.
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Session Layer (Layer 5): Manages communication sessions, including initiation, maintenance, and termination of communication between devices. Examples include authentication protocols.
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Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Translates data into a format the application can understand (encryption, compression).
TCP/IP Model
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Network Interface Layer: Combines OSI layers 1 and 2 (physical and data link). Handles MAC addressing, physical connections, and framing of data.
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Internet Layer: Equivalent to OSI layer 3 (network). Responsible for IP addressing and packet routing.
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Transport Layer: Equivalent to OSI layer 4 (transport). Provides end-to-end communication using TCP/UDP protocols.
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Application Layer: Combines OSI layers 5, 6, and 7 (session, presentation, and application). Handles user-facing applications and protocols like HTTP, FTP, and DNS.
Common Ports and Their Applications
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Port 80: HTTP (Standard web browsing)
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Port 443: HTTPS (Secure web browsing)
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Port 25: SMTP (Sending emails)
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Port 20/21: FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
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Port 53: DNS (Resolves domain names into IP addresses)
IPv4 Addresses
- 32-bit address represented in four octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
- Each octet is a decimal value between 0 and 255.
- Different classes (A, B, C) have different ranges and default subnet masks.
IPv6 Addresses
- 128-bit addresses (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)
- Groups of 16-bit hexadecimal values separated by colons.
- Leading zeros can be omitted.
- Provides a much larger address space compared to IPv4.
UTP (Ethernet) Cables
- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Common network cable medium.
- Standards: Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6a (different standards for various speeds and quality).
- Types: Straight-through and crossover cables.
TCP Reliability in Data Transfers
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Reliable protocol with error detection (checksums), acknowledgements (ACKs), sequence numbers, retransmission, and flow control (sliding window protocol).
Wireless Networks
- Infrastructure Mode: Devices communicate via a central access point (AP).
- Ad-Hoc Mode: Devices communicate directly with each other without an AP.
APIPA Addresses
- Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is a fallback mechanism when a device can't get an IP address from a DHCP server.
- Addresses are in the 169.254.x.x range.
Firewalls
- A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.
- Types: Packet filtering, Stateful, Next-Generation (NGFW).
Protocols at Layers 3 and 4 of the OSI Model
- Layer 3: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, ARP, RARP
- Layer 4: TCP, UDP, SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
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Description
Test your knowledge of the OSI and TCP/IP models in networking. This quiz covers the various layers, including the Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, and Session layers, and their functions and examples. Perfect for students of computer networking.
