Networking, Java, and Testing Fundamentals

Networking

• Types of Networks:
  • LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited geographical area
  • WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger geographical area
  • WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network): connects devices wirelessly
• Network Topologies:
  • Physical: describes the physical layout of devices
  • Logical: describes how data flows between devices
• Network Protocols:
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): a set of protocols used for communication on the internet
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): a protocol used for transferring data over the web
  • FTP (File Transfer Protocol): a protocol used for transferring files over a network
• Network Devices:
  • Routers: connect multiple networks and route traffic
  • Switches: connect multiple devices and forward traffic
  • Firewalls: control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules

Java

• Java Basics:
  • Object-oriented programming language
  • Platform independent: can run on any device supporting Java
  • Robust security features
• Java Syntax:
  • Variables: declare with type variable_name (e.g. int x)
  • Data types: primitive (e.g. int, double), reference (e.g. String), array
  • Operators: arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment
• Java Classes and Objects:
  • Classes: define properties and behavior of objects
  • Objects: instances of classes
  • Constructors: special methods used to initialize objects
• Java Inheritance:
  • A child class can inherit properties and behavior from a parent class
  • extends keyword used to inherit from a parent class

Testing

• Types of Testing:
  • Unit Testing: tests individual units of code
  • Integration Testing: tests how units of code work together
  • System Testing: tests the entire system
  • Acceptance Testing: tests if the system meets requirements
• Testing Methods:
  • Black Box Testing: tests without knowledge of the internal workings
  • White Box Testing: tests with knowledge of the internal workings
  • Gray Box Testing: tests with partial knowledge of the internal workings
• Test Case Design:
  • Equivalence Partitioning: divide input into partitions and test each
  • Boundary Value Analysis: test at the boundaries of input partitions
  • State Transition Testing: test the different states of a system