Networking in IoT and the OSI Model

Role of Networking in IoT

• The internet of things (IoT) requires reliable networking to connect devices.
• IoT devices need connectivity for communication with controllers.
• Power management is crucial for IoT devices, with ethernet being a preferred power source.
• Security plays a key role in protecting IoT infrastructure.
• Federal computing is used in IoT to avoid latency in data processing.
• Specific service-level agreements (SLAs) are needed to ensure network performance for IoT applications.

The OSI Model

• The OSI Model, a seven-layer reference model, provides a standardized framework for network communication.
• Layer 7: Application layer facilitates user interaction with applications.
• Layer 6: Presentation layer handles data formatting and encryption.
• Layer 5: Session layer manages communication sessions between devices.
• Layer 4: Transport layer ensures reliable data transmission.
• Layer 3: Network layer handles addressing and routing.
• Layer 2: Data Link layer manages data packets and addresses.
• Layer 1: Physical layer transmits data signals over physical network infrastructure.

Link Layer Protocols

• Key link layer protocols include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMax, Low-rate WPAN, and mobile communication technologies like 5G, 4G, and 3G.
• The physical layer controls the modulation and demodulation of signals, converting bits into radio frequency (RF) signals.
• The media access control (MAC) layer handles addressing and manages RF frames, ensuring reliable communication.

Network Layer Protocols

• 6LoWPAN, the adaptation layer for low-power wireless networks, implements IPv6 over Low Power Personal Area Networks (LPWANs).
• It offers faster, reliable communication and a large address space suitable for IoT devices.

Transport Layer Protocols

• The transport layer provides reliable data transfer services.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensures reliable communication with error control, flow control, and congestion control.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simpler protocol without error control, suitable for IoT applications with faster response times.

Application Layer Protocols

• Application layer protocols provide services directly to users and applications.
• Common application layer protocols in IoT include:
  • MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): Suitable for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, utilizing a publisher-subscriber model.
  • CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Designed for web transfer in constrained networks and nodes.
  • AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): Aims to be practical, reliable, and suitable for business management.
  • RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-power Lossy Networks): Designed for low-power and lossy networks, utilizing a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG).
  • LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network Protocol): Offers long-range communication using the LoRa physical layer and spread spectrum technology.
  • Bluetooth: Operates in the 2.4 GHz band, offering short-range connectivity and low data rates.
  • ZigBee: A low-power, cost-effective wireless protocol for M2M and IoT applications, using a mesh networking approach.

HTTPS

• HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP, utilizing encryption to protect data transmitted between the client and server.
• It adds a layer of security to IoT applications.

MQTT

• MQTT stands for Message Queuing Telemetry Transport.
• It is a lightweight and efficient messaging protocol commonly used in IoT.
• It operates on a publisher-subscriber model, enabling communication between devices without direct connections.

Data Logging

• IoT devices can be used to collect and log data from sensors.
• This data can be stored and analyzed to obtain insights into device performance and environmental conditions.

Real-World Interaction

• IoT devices can interact with real-world systems, enabling remote control and automation.
• This can include tasks such as controlling appliances, monitoring environmental conditions, and managing security systems.

Remote Controlling

• IoT devices can be remotely controlled using various communication methods, such as SMS, mobile apps, or messaging platforms like Telegram.
• This enables users to control and monitor devices from anywhere.

Explore the crucial role of networking in the Internet of Things (IoT) and the seven layers of the OSI Model. Understand how devices communicate and the importance of security, connectivity, and service-level agreements in IoT. This quiz covers the fundamentals necessary for effective IoT infrastructure and network communication.