Networking Fundamentals

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of human protocols?

Machine communication

Internet governance

Human communication (correct)

Network architecture

What is the primary purpose of network protocols?

To manage network infrastructure

To define format and order of messages (correct)

To govern all Internet activity

To facilitate human communication

What is a characteristic of end systems/hosts in a network?

They are typically accessed through links

They are typically clients and servers (correct)

They are responsible for governing Internet activity

They are typically more powerful machines

What is a characteristic of servers in a network?

They are typically used for storing and distributing web pages Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of network edge?

It includes end systems and access networks Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of clients in a network?

They are typically desktop and mobile PCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an Application Programming Interface (API) in the Internet?

To establish a set of rules for data delivery between programs Signup and view all the answers

What is analogous to a postal service in the context of the Internet?

Multiple service options Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'hooks' in an Application Programming Interface (API)?

To allow sending and receiving app programs to connect to the Internet Signup and view all the answers

What is a protocol in the context of computer networks?

A set of rules and standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an institutional network in the Internet?

To provide a connection to a specific institution Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a TCP connection in the context of the Internet?

To establish a connection between the sender and receiver Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the sequence of communication links traversed between end systems?

Route or path Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the devices that run network applications?

Hosts Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the devices that forward packets of data?

Packet switches Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the network of interconnected ISPs?

Internet Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the rate at which data is transmitted?

Bandwidth Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the devices that connect to the network using a wireless link?

Smartphone Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the organization that develops and maintains Internet standards?

IETF Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the devices that are used in access networks?

Link-layer switches Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the network that provides services to applications?

Infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the applications that involve multiple end systems that exchange data with each other?

Distributed applications Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Optical Line Terminator (OLT) in the Fiber to the Home (FTTH) architecture?

To provide conversion between optical and electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical transmission rate of an Ethernet LAN used in companies and universities?

100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a home router in a Fiber to the Home (FTTH) network?

To connect a home network to the Internet via the Optical Network Terminator (ONT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range of a wireless LAN (WLAN) within a building?

100 ft, 100 m Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the host sending function in packet transmission?

To break the packet into smaller chunks Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a guided media in physical layer transmission?

Signals propagate through solid media Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of fiber optic cables over coaxial cables?

Fiber optic cables have lower error rates and higher transmission rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the neighborhood splitter in a Fiber to the Home (FTTH) network?

To combine multiple homes onto a single optical fiber Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical transmission rate of a wireless access point in a home network?

11 Mbps, 54 Mbps Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Optical Network Terminator (ONT) in a Fiber to the Home (FTTH) network?

To convert optical signals to electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum speed of a WiFi channel?

45 Mbps Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a wide-area network?

Cellular Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of interference that can affect wireless networks?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the end-to-end delay of a satellite channel?

270 msec Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physical 'wire'?

Cable Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of a 3G cellular network?

Few Mbps Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a bidirectional channel?

Two-way communication Signup and view all the answers

What type of satellite is used in wireless networks?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

What's the Internet?

The Internet is a "network of networks" that connects millions of devices (hosts/end systems) globally.
It provides services to applications such as web, email, games, and e-commerce through interconnected ISPs (Internet Service Providers).
Protocols control the sending and receiving of messages between devices.

Network Edge

The network edge consists of end systems, access networks, and links.
End systems/host devices are clients (e.g., desktops, laptops, smartphones) and servers (e.g., web servers, email servers).
Access networks connect end systems to the Internet using various technologies such as fiber, copper, radio, and satellite.

Network Core

The network core consists of packet switches (routers) that forward packets (chunks of data) between devices.
Packet switches use routing tables to determine the path for packet transmission.
Routers are used in the network core, while link-layer switches are used in access networks.

Internet Devices

There are approximately 15.14 billion connected IoT devices as of 2023.
Examples of Internet devices include web-enabled toasters, picture frames, and refrigerators.

Internet Infrastructure

The Internet infrastructure provides services to applications through distributed applications that involve multiple end systems exchanging data.
Internet applications run on end systems, not in packet switches in the network core.
End systems provide an Application Programming Interface (API) to applications, allowing them to "connect" to the Internet.

Protocols

A protocol is a set of rules that govern communication between devices.
Human protocols (e.g., "what's the time?", "I have a question") are different from computer network protocols.
Protocols define the format, order, and actions taken when sending and receiving messages between network entities.

Network Structure

The network edge consists of end systems, access networks, and links.
Access networks include home networks, enterprise networks, and wide-area wireless access networks.
Home networks can use fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technology, which provides high-speed Internet access rates.

Home Access Networks

Home access networks use fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) technology, which provides high-speed Internet access rates.
FTTH architecture consists of an optical network terminator (ONT) connected to a neighborhood splitter, which is connected to an optical line terminator (OLT) in the telco's central office.

Enterprise Access Networks

Enterprise access networks use Ethernet LAN technology, which provides high-speed transmission rates (e.g., 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps).
Enterprise access networks typically consist of an institutional router, Ethernet switch, and institutional mail and web servers.

Wireless Access Networks

Wireless access networks use base stations (access points) to connect end systems to routers.
Wireless LANs (WLANs) provide high-speed transmission rates (e.g., 11Mbps, 54Mbps) within a building or campus.
Wide-area wireless access networks provide Internet access over a larger geographical area (e.g., cellular networks).

Physical Media

Physical media include twisted pair (TP), coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radio.
Guided media (e.g., copper, fiber) have signals that propagate in a solid medium, while unguided media (e.g., radio) have signals that propagate freely.
Different physical media have different transmission rates, error rates, and characteristics.

Physical Media: Coax, Fiber

Coaxial cable has two concentric copper conductors and supports bidirectional broadband transmission.
Fiber optic cable uses glass fibers to carry light pulses and supports high-speed, low-error transmission.

Physical Media: Radio

Radio signals propagate in the electromagnetic spectrum and are affected by the environment (e.g., reflection, obstruction, interference).
Different types of radio links include terrestrial microwave, LAN (e.g., WiFi), and wide-area (e.g., cellular) networks.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of networking, including end systems, access networks, links, packet switching, circuit switching, and network structure.