Networking Fundamentals

Modes of Transmission and OSI Reference Model

• A data packet consists of a header, data, and trailer, and CRC is used to check for errors during transmission.
• The NIC provides the source address, prepares data for cabling, controls data flow, and translates electrical impulses into binary code.
• Buses are pathways that connect components in a computer, and parallel transmission involves groups of bits transferred simultaneously over multiple wires.
• Serial transmission sends bits over network cables one at a time, while analog signals travel as continuously variable wavelike patterns.
• Broadband transmission relies on analog signals and multiple frequency channels, while baseband transmission sends digital signals over a single channel.
• Multiplexing allows multiple transmissions to be sent through a channel simultaneously and combined into a single signal.
• Protocols define how network devices communicate and perform specific tasks, and the OSI reference model is an international standard for networking.
• The OSI model has seven layers: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application.
• The data link layer has two sublayers: logical link control and media access control, which manages access to the physical network and handles error control.
• The transport layer ensures error-free delivery of data packets in sequence without losses or duplications.
• Internetworking involves transferring and routing information between varied workstations and networks, and a protocol stack consists of multiple layers of protocols that work together.
• The binding process ties protocols together to provide data with a route from the application level to the NIC, and the binding order determines the sequence in which the operating system runs the protocol.