Networking Fundamentals

• A host device in a network primarily initiates or receives data communication.

Network Topologies

• A star topology connects all devices to a central switch or hub.

Network Types

• A network spanning a city or campus is classified as a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network).

Internet Connections

• Fiber optic connections use light signals for high-speed data transmission.

Network Reliability

• A reliable network is characterized by redundancy.

Bluetooth Networks

• PAN (Personal Area Network) is typically used for Bluetooth devices.

Networking Protocols

• IEEE establishes networking protocols for interoperability.

OSI Model

• The OSI model has 7 layers.

Data Encapsulation

• The Network layer adds IP addresses during data encapsulation.

Address Resolution Protocol

• ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses.

TCP/IP Model

• The TCP/IP model combines OSI's Session and Presentation layers into the Application layer.

Data Encapsulation

• The purpose of data encapsulation is to add headers for routing and delivery.

Physical Layer

• The Physical Layer primarily handles bit transmission over media.

Cabling

• UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cabling uses twisted pairs to reduce EMI (Electromagnetic Interference).

Fiber Optics

• Single-mode fiber is best suited for long distances.

Wireless Standards

• 802.11 is the wireless standard associated with Wi-Fi.

MAC Addresses

• A MAC address is typically represented in the hexadecimal number system.

Fiber Optic Advantages

• A key advantage of fiber-optic cabling over copper is immunity to EMI.

Data Link Layer

• The Data Link Layer is responsible for node-to-node data delivery.

Data Link Frames

• The trailer of a data link frame includes the Frame Check Sequence (FCS).

NIC Addresses

• MAC address is permanent and burned into a NIC.

ARP Function

• ARP maps IP addresses to MAC addresses in an IPv4 network.

IPv6

• Neighbor Discovery (ND) replaces ARP for address resolution in IPv6.

CSMA/CD Technology

• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is used by Ethernet.

Ethernet Networks

• The basic unit of data in Ethernet networks is a frame.

MAC Address Length

• A MAC address is 48 bits long.

Switch Learning

• A switch learns MAC addresses from source MACs in incoming frames.

Switching Modes

• Store-and-Forward switching mode checks for errors before forwarding.

Unknown Destination MAC

• If a switch doesn't know a destination MAC, it floods it to all ports.

OUI Meaning

• The OUI in a MAC address represents the Manufacturer ID.

Network Layer

• The Network Layer is responsible for logical addressing.

Network Layer Protocols

• IP is primarily used at the Network Layer.

Data Transmission

• If a host's destination is not on the same network, it sends data to the default gateway.

Subnet Masks

• A subnet mask determines the network and host portions of an IP address.

Packet Fragmentation

• Packet fragmentation occurs at the Network layer.

Routing Tables

• A routing table includes the Next Hop as a key field.

IPv4 Addresses

• An IPv4 address is 32 bits.

Addressing Type

• Multicast address type is used for one-to-many communication.

Private IPv4 Addresses

• The range 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 is reserved for private IPv4 addresses.

Subnetting

• The purpose of subnetting is to segment networks for efficiency.

Usable Host Addresses

• A /26 subnet has 62 usable host addresses.

Loopback Addresses

• The loopback address in IPv4 is 127.0.0.1.

IPv6 Addresses

• An IPv6 address is 128 bits.

Internet Routing

• Global Unicast IPv6 address type is routable on the Internet.

IPv6 Address Shortening

• The shortened form of 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 is 2001:db8::1.

Dynamic IPv6

• SLAAC dynamically assigns IPv6 addresses using router advertisements.

IPv6

• IPv6 uses Multicast instead of broadcasts.

Link-Local IPv6

• FE80::/10 is the prefix for Link-Local IPv6 addresses.

Transport Layer

• The Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end data delivery.

Three-Way Handshake

• TCP uses a three-way handshake.

UDP

• UDP is connectionless.

Port Numbers

• Port numbers are used to identify specific processes.

Well-Known Ports

• The port range 0-1023 includes well-known ports.

TCP Reliability

• TCP ensures reliability using sequence numbers and ACKs.

Email Protocol

• SMTP is used to send emails.

DNS

• DNS primarily resolves domain names to IP addresses.

File Transfers

• FTP is connectionless and used for file transfers.

Peer-to-Peer

• A key feature of a Peer-to-Peer network is direct device communication.

HTTPS

• HTTPS relies on TLS/SSL security mechanism.

IP Assignment

• DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.