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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of a Local Area Network (LAN)?
What is a primary characteristic of a Local Area Network (LAN)?
Which type of network is typically optimized for larger geographical distances compared to a LAN?
Which type of network is typically optimized for larger geographical distances compared to a LAN?
Which of the following best describes a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)?
Which of the following best describes a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)?
What is a distinguishing feature of a Personal Area Network (PAN)?
What is a distinguishing feature of a Personal Area Network (PAN)?
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Which statement about ownership of a Local Area Network (LAN) is accurate?
Which statement about ownership of a Local Area Network (LAN) is accurate?
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What is the primary purpose of the addresses assigned to hosts in a LAN?
What is the primary purpose of the addresses assigned to hosts in a LAN?
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Which of the following networks is characterized by point-to-point communication only?
Which of the following networks is characterized by point-to-point communication only?
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What type of network connection is typically seen in a Wide Area Network (WAN)?
What type of network connection is typically seen in a Wide Area Network (WAN)?
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Which of the following correctly identifies one of the major standardization bodies involved in data communications?
Which of the following correctly identifies one of the major standardization bodies involved in data communications?
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What is the primary purpose of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the context of data communication?
What is the primary purpose of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the context of data communication?
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When considering network standards, which organization primarily addresses networking protocols and internet standards?
When considering network standards, which organization primarily addresses networking protocols and internet standards?
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Which of the following documents would most likely be adopted by ISO for data communication standards?
Which of the following documents would most likely be adopted by ISO for data communication standards?
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Which of the following best describes how ISO enhances global data communication?
Which of the following best describes how ISO enhances global data communication?
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What is a key benefit of ISO standards for data communication?
What is a key benefit of ISO standards for data communication?
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In which area would ISO likely develop standard guidelines related to data communication?
In which area would ISO likely develop standard guidelines related to data communication?
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What distinguishes ISO from other organizations in terms of standardization?
What distinguishes ISO from other organizations in terms of standardization?
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What is the primary goal of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?
What is the primary goal of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?
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How many of ISO’s standards apply to computer-related products and functions?
How many of ISO’s standards apply to computer-related products and functions?
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Which of the following best describes ISO as an organization?
Which of the following best describes ISO as an organization?
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Which statement about ISO’s relationship with international trade is true?
Which statement about ISO’s relationship with international trade is true?
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What is the nature of standards developed by ISO?
What is the nature of standards developed by ISO?
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Which of the following is not a responsibility of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?
Which of the following is not a responsibility of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?
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What type of organization is ISO classified as?
What type of organization is ISO classified as?
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What is the scope of ISO's technological standards?
What is the scope of ISO's technological standards?
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Which of the following statements is accurate about ISO's operational framework?
Which of the following statements is accurate about ISO's operational framework?
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Which of the following organizations works closely with ISO in the development of standards?
Which of the following organizations works closely with ISO in the development of standards?
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Study Notes
WAN Links
- Typically connects networking devices such as switches and routers.
- Types include point-to-point and switched WAN links.
Interconnection of Networks
- Internetworks can consist of two LANs and one WAN.
- Heterogeneous networks are composed of both WANs and LANs.
Point-to-Point vs. Point-to-Multipoint Connections
- Point-to-point connections allow direct communication between two nodes.
- Point-to-multipoint connections share links among multiple devices.
Network Topology
- Refers to the physical layout of a network.
- Four basic topologies:
- Mesh
- Star
- Bus
- Ring
Mesh Topology
- Full mesh connects each node to every other node.
- Offers high reliability, but at a higher cost, requiring significant links and interfaces as nodes increase.
Star Topology
- Each end node connects to a central hub with point-to-point links.
- End nodes are not interconnected directly.
Bus Topology
- All end-nodes connect to a single backbone cable through multipoint links.
- Rarely used in modern networks due to limitations.
Ring Topology
- Nodes are connected in a daisy chain, using point-to-point links.
- Common in optical fiber networks within WANs.
Hybrid Topology
- Combines multiple basic topologies for practical implementations.
- Always represented as an extended star.
Packet Switching
- An internet uses switching, where switches must forward data between networks.
- Two common switched network types: Circuit-Switched (CS) and Packet-Switched (PS).
Circuit-Switched Networks
- Maintain an established connection where all data follows the same path.
- Can result in bandwidth wastage during idle times.
Packet-Switched Networks
- Data can take varying paths to reach its destination, enhancing efficiency.
Networking Standards
- Internet standards are specifications that professionals adhere to for functionality.
- The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) sets these standards, operating under the Internet Society.
Standardization Bodies
- International: ISO, ITU, IEC.
- Regional: ETSI (Europe).
- Country-specific: SCC (Canada), ANSI (USA).
- Others: IEEE, IETF, W3C.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
- Represents over 146 countries to establish global standards facilitating information exchange.
- Over 14,250 standards exist, with around 300 applicable to computing.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Regulates global telecommunications, including radio frequencies and telephony specifications.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- Focuses on electrical engineering and computer science standards.
- Notable for its widely acknowledged technical papers and standards.
Standards Council of Canada (SCC)
- Promotes voluntary standardization in Canada and represents the country in international standardization efforts.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- Comprises representatives from industry and government to set international standards for the U.S.
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
- Organized trade bodies that focus on electronics manufacturing standards and telecommunications standards respectively.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and ICANN
- Manages IP address distribution and reserves for Internet usage.
- Coordinates with Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
Local Area Network (LAN)
- Typically privately owned, connecting devices within a limited area such as an office or campus.
- Can range from simple setups to extensive organizational networks.
Comparison of Network Types
- LAN (Local Area Network): Connects a small geographic area; usually privately owned.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers larger areas than LAN, usually within a city.
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Extensive networks, generally the Internet.
- PAN (Personal Area Network): Connects personal devices over short distances (e.g., Bluetooth).
Data Communication Components
- Five components encapsulated in the mnemonic TRaMPS:
- Sender
- Receiver
- Message
- Transmission media
- Protocol
Network Features
- Criteria for evaluating a network include performance (throughput, delay), reliability, and security.
- A network comprises nodes, links, and interfaces.
- End nodes include devices like PCs and smartphones, while connecting nodes include modems, switches, and routers.
Data Flow Types
- Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., computer monitor).
- Half-duplex: Two-way but not simultaneous (e.g., walkie-talkie).
- Full-duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication (e.g., telephone).
Learning Goals
- Recognize the components and types of data communication.
- Differentiate between network topologies and their respective advantages and disadvantages.
- Understand packet-switched versus circuit-switched networks.
- Identify major standardization bodies and their roles in networking.
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Description
Explore the connections between various networking devices such as switches and routers within different types of WAN links. This quiz will cover practical examples of internetworks, including heterogeneous networks made of both LANs and WANs, focusing on point-to-point and multipoint connections.
