Networking Devices and Functions

Router Functions

• Connects multiple networks, directing data packets between them
• Operates at Layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI model
• Uses IP addresses to determine the best path for a packet
• Consults routing tables and applies routing protocols like OSPF, BGP, or RIP

Switch Functions

• Connects devices within a single network (e.g., LAN)
• Facilitates communication between devices
• Operates primarily at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer), but can also operate at Layer 3 (Layer 3 switches)
• Uses MAC addresses to forward frames to the correct destination within the same network

Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Hardware component providing physical and logical network connection
• Converts data into signals (electrical, optical, or radio) for transmission
• Handles signal transmission (Physical Layer)
• Uses MAC addresses and framing data (Data Link Layer)

Network Fault Tolerance

• System/network ability to function despite component failure
• Implementation strategies:
  • Redundancy: Using multiple devices/paths to avoid single points of failure
  • Load Balancing: Distributing traffic across multiple servers/connections
  • Failover Mechanisms: Automatically switching to a backup device if primary fails
  • RAID: Protecting data by replicating storage across multiple drives
  • High Availability Protocols (e.g., HSRP, VRRP)

Packet-Switched Network

• Data is divided into small packets
• Each packet contains source and destination IP addresses
• Packets are routed independently based on network conditions
• Packets are reassembled at the destination
• Advantages: efficient bandwidth use, scalability, and fault tolerance (e.g., the Internet)

This quiz covers essential networking devices such as routers, switches, and Network Interface Cards (NICs). It delves into their functions, layers of operation in the OSI model, and their roles in ensuring network fault tolerance. Test your knowledge about how these components interact and maintain a stable network.