Networking Concepts and Computing Models

An organization that provides internet access to individuals and businesses.

When unauthorized access to sensitive data occurs in a network.

Part of an IPv4 address configuration that divides the address into network and host parts.

The layer in the TCP/IP model responsible for routing packets across networks.

The order of protocols a client uses to decode data received from a server.

The Network layer in the OSI model adds logical addresses to data packets.

Remote servers providing access to files over the internet.

A computing model where requests are handled by dedicated servers.

A private network using LAN and WAN technologies owned by a single organization.

Part of a data-link frame containing error detection information.

Added during data encapsulation at the data link layer for a PC on an Ethernet network.

Switch feature automatically configuring interfaces for straight-through or crossover cables.

Physical medium using electrical pulses for transmission in the OSI model.

Physical medium employing light propagation for transmission in the OSI model.

Routers use destination IP addresses to route data packets.

127.0.0.1 Address used for testing local network connections (e.g. using ping).

A network protocol used to discover the MAC address of a host on the local network, given its IP address.

The header of an Ethernet frame that contains crucial information for Layer 2 devices to forward data, including source and destination MAC addresses, and the Ethernet type.

A field in the IPv4 packet header that limits the lifespan of a packet, preventing it from endlessly circulating the network.

A 32-bit binary value linked to the transmitting device's interface in the IPv4 packet header

A field in the IPv4 packet header that holds a unicast, multicast, or broadcast address; essentially, the destination.

A subnet mask represented as /26 that divides the IPv4 address into network and host portions. A network with this mask will have 62 possible host addresses usable.

A manually added IP-to-MAC address mapping in the ARP table, that permanently stores the MAC address for frequently used servers or devices.

A subnet mask that translates to a /27 CIDR notation, used to define a network segment with 30 usable addresses.

The subnet mask 255.255.0.0 designates a Class A network. In this mask, the first 2 octets are fixed, allowing for a large number of possible networks.

Multicast IPv6 addresses are used for one-to-many communication, enabling efficient transmission of data to groups of devices.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol that uses Dijkstra's algorithm to determine the shortest path between routers, ensuring efficient data transmission.

VLAN 1 is reserved as the default native VLAN. It typically handles traffic before VLAN tagging is applied.

WPA2-Enterprise is a secure authentication protocol used in enterprise Wi-Fi networks. It provides robust security through centralized authentication servers.

An IP address is used to identify a device on the Network layer of the OSI model, allowing communication between different networks.

A MAC address is a physical address assigned to a network interface card (NIC), while an IP address is a logical address assigned to a device on a network.

Converting a decimal number (base 10) into its binary equivalent (base 2).

A base-16 number system that uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F to represent values.

Class D IPv4 addresses are reserved for multicast communication, where data is sent to a group of devices simultaneously.

Class B IPv4 addresses range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255.

A high-speed communication method that uses light pulses transmitted through thin glass fibers.

Commonly used within a LAN, it connects devices like computers to switches.

A 32-bit number that defines the network and host portions in an IP address, allowing for network subnetting. It is expressed in dotted decimal notation.

A subnet mask with 26 bits dedicated to the network portion, leaving 6 bits for host addresses. It allows dividing a network into 64 subnetworks.

The number of valid IP addresses available for devices in a subnet, excluding the network and broadcast addresses.

A method to simplify IPv6 addresses by removing leading zeros and consecutive zeros in the middle of the hexadecimal fields.

An ICMP response code indicating a successful ping request. The target host acknowledged the echo request.

An ICMP response code indicating that the target host is unreachable. The host might be down or no route exists to reach it.

A type of IPv6 address that can be assigned to multiple hosts, but packets sent to it are only delivered to the closest one.

A network diagnostic tool that traces the route of packets from the source to the destination, showing the intermediary routers.