Networking Chapter 6: Link Layer and LANs

<p>To learn which hosts can be reached through which interfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relevant sender/location pair is added to the switch table (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MAC destination addresses to filter frames (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initially empty until it learns through received frames (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To determine the validity of the MAC address over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wireless links (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Link layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receiver detects errors and signals for retransmission or drops the frame. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Error correction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data can flow in one direction only at a time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In each and every host's network interface card (NIC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To add error checking bits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handling the actual transmission of data over physical mediums (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half-duplex radio systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To pace data transmission between sender and receiver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To isolate traffic between defined ports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>802.1Q (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must carry VLAN ID information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynamically among different VLANs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow unfiltered traffic among all devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It carries frames for multiple VLANs across switches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables isolation and proper routing between VLANs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ports are restricted to communicate only within their assigned VLAN. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Network layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No collisions between packets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400 Gbps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wired LAN technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Switch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unique identifier for node A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To map IP addresses to MAC addresses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP datagram (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual collision domains for each network node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To direct workload within the data center (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Border routers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The use of multiple routing paths to increase throughput (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RoCE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing/balancing load across multiple applications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases available bandwidth and redundancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A SDN control plane for routing and traffic management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Software-Defined Networking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-40 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synchronize the clock rates of sender and receiver. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frame is discarded by the adapter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethernet is unreliable and connectionless. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Link layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect errors during frame transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CSMA/CD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By observing incoming frames and their MAC addresses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1000BASE-T (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not need any configuration to operate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each host has a direct connection to the switch. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It employs binary backoff to manage collisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The payload can only contain IP packets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not maintain state information between transmissions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It uses a forwarding table to direct traffic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of regulating the rate of data transmission between two connected devices to prevent data overload at the receiver.

A mechanism used to detect errors that may occur during data transmission due to noise or signal attenuation.

A technique where the receiver identifies and corrects bit errors without requiring retransmission.

A communication mode where only one device can transmit at a time, preventing data collisions.

A communication mode where both devices can transmit simultaneously without data collisions, allowing faster data transfer.

The layer in the network stack responsible for handling error detection, error correction, and flow control. It ensures reliable data transmission between two directly connected devices.

A network interface card (NIC) or on-chip component that implements the link layer protocols for a specific network technology. It connects a host to the physical network.

The process of adding a header to the data packet with information like destination address and error checking bits. It's the first step in transmitting data in a network.

The process of examining the received data for errors, verifying the data's integrity, and potentially correcting errors without retransmission.

The process of managing data flow between devices to prevent overload at the receiver, ensuring smooth and efficient data transmission.

A table within a switch that maps MAC addresses of connected devices to the switch ports they are connected to.

The process by which a switch learns the MAC addresses of devices connected to its ports by observing the source MAC addresses of frames it receives.

The action of adding a new entry to the switch table with the MAC address of the sender and the corresponding port where the frame arrived.

The time-to-live (TTL) value represents the time (in seconds) that an entry in the switch table is considered valid.

When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch uses the destination MAC address to look it up in its switch table.

The process by which a switch uses information gathered from its switch table to forward frames to the appropriate port.

When a frame arrives at a switch, the switch records the incoming port and the source MAC address of the sending host.

If the destination MAC address is found in the switch table, the switch forwards the frame to the corresponding output port.

In a network, a MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a device's network interface card (NIC). Think of it as a physical address for a device on a local network.

A frame destination address specifies the intended recipient of a data packet within a network. It functions like the postal address on an envelope, guiding the packet to the right destination.

An IP datagram is a unit of data encapsulated within an IP packet for transmission across a network. Think of it as a container holding the actual data being sent from one device to another.

A network interface card (NIC) serves as the bridge between a computer and the network. Think of it as the computer's physical connection to the outside world.

Ethernet is a widely used networking technology that allows devices to communicate over a local area network (LAN). Think of it as the language spoken on most local networks.

In a bus topology, all devices share the same communication channel, which means they can collide with each other. Think of it like a crowded hallway where everyone has to share the space.

A switched topology involves a central switch that connects multiple devices. Think of it like a hotel lobby with individual rooms, where each device has its own connection.

An Ethernet frame encapsulates data to be transmitted over a network. Think of it as a package containing a letter, including the sender's address, the recipient's address, and the actual letter itself.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. Think of it like a phone book that translates names to phone numbers.

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) allows logically separating devices on a network. Think of it as creating virtual rooms within a larger building, allowing for separate groups of users.

A feature of switches that allows network administrators to segment a network into smaller, more manageable subnets based on logical groups instead of physical location.

In port-based VLANs, devices connected to certain ports on a switch are assigned to specific VLANs, isolating traffic between VLANs. For example, VLAN 1 might hold all the marketing devices, while VLAN 2 holds HR devices.

VLANs can dynamically change based on factors like device MAC addresses or network policies, allowing for greater flexibility and scalability.

Data packets between different VLANs are forwarded using a router, behaving similarly to separate switches connected via a router, ensuring communication between different VLAN segments.

A physical switch port configured to carry various VLANs, allowing for efficient communication between VLANs across multiple switches.

The 802.1Q protocol adds a special tag to Ethernet frames to identify the VLAN they belong to, ensuring proper routing and communication between VLANs across multiple switches.

The 802.1Q protocol adds a tag to the Ethernet frame header to identify the VLAN. This tag helps the switch understand where the frame is coming from and where to forward it.

VLANs provide improved network security by isolating traffic between different groups, making it difficult for unauthorized devices to access sensitive information. For example, you can separate marketing devices from HR devices, creating separate VLANs for each department.

Data centers, like those used by Amazon, Google, and Facebook, are designed for massive scale, serving countless clients with high reliability. They handle complex challenges like balancing workloads and avoiding performance bottlenecks.

A hierarchical network structure common in data centers, where switches are organized into tiers. Border routers connect the datacenter to the outside world, tier-1 switches connect to tier-2 switches, tier-2 switches connect to Top of Rack (TOR) switches, and TOR switches connect to server blades within racks.

A network design where there are multiple, independent paths between servers and switches, allowing for increased throughput and redundancy. If one path fails, data can still be transmitted through other paths.

A specialized component found in data centers, that directs incoming client requests to different servers based on factors like load and available resources. It acts as a traffic manager within the data center.

A remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) protocol used in data centers, enabling fast data transfer over Ethernet networks. It speeds up communication between servers by eliminating unnecessary data copies.

A congestion control mechanism used in data center networks, explicitly notifying the sender about network congestion. It helps optimize data transmission and avoid network bottlenecks.

A technology that allows centralized control and management of data center networks. It simplifies network configuration and optimization, allowing for more dynamic and efficient routing.

A key principle in data center design where services and data are placed physically close together in the same rack or nearby racks. This minimizes communication delays and improves performance.

Google's SDN control plane for its data centers, managing routing, traffic engineering, and network controls. It uses a distributed microservice architecture for greater scalability and flexibility.

A question arising from the increasing adoption of SDN and other technologies, suggesting that traditional network protocols might become less relevant in future data center architectures.

A sequence of binary data used to synchronize the clocks of the sender and receiver in Ethernet communication. It consists of 7 bytes of alternating 1s and 0s followed by a byte with the pattern 10101011.

A unique identifier assigned to each device connected to a network. Used in Ethernet to distinguish different devices and route data.

A field within an Ethernet frame that indicates the type of higher-layer protocol the data in the frame belongs to. This helps the receiver identify the appropriate protocol module to process the data.

The process of the Ethernet network layer receiving data from the higher layer (e.g., IP) and encapsulating it into a frame before sending it across the network.

The process of the Ethernet network layer removing data from the frame at the destination and then passing it up to the higher layer that it belongs to.

A method used in Ethernet to detect and correct errors during data transmission. It involves calculating a checksum value based on the data and comparing it at the receiver.

The process of the Ethernet protocol allowing multiple devices to share the same network media without having to coordinate beforehand. It leads to possible data collisions.

The Ethernet protocol's inability to guarantee that a data packet will reach the destination. It's up to the higher layers, like TCP, to manage retransmissions if needed.

A method used for multiple access in Ethernet, where devices listen for the media being idle and then transmit. If a collision occurs, devices back off randomly.

A device that connects multiple devices on a network, learning which addresses are reachable through which ports. It provides a more efficient and faster way to transfer data.

The ability of an Ethernet switch to learn the MAC addresses of connected devices and build a forwarding table, enabling faster data routing.

A table maintained by a switch that contains MAC address and the corresponding output port for each connected device.

The ability of an Ethernet switch to handle multiple simultaneous data transmissions between connected devices without collisions, as each port has its own collision domain.

The ability of a switch to allow different types of data packets to co-exist and be transmitted simultaneously without interference.