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Questions and Answers
What is the main advantage of wireless LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth?
What is the main advantage of wireless LAN technologies such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth?
Which protocol is characterized by its use in small wireless LANs?
Which protocol is characterized by its use in small wireless LANs?
What does the CSMA/CA technique primarily aim to prevent?
What does the CSMA/CA technique primarily aim to prevent?
In the context of wireless LAN, what does a CTS frame do?
In the context of wireless LAN, what does a CTS frame do?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Basic Service Sets (BSS) in wireless networking?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Basic Service Sets (BSS) in wireless networking?
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What does the MAC Sublayer handle in the TCP/IP protocol suite?
What does the MAC Sublayer handle in the TCP/IP protocol suite?
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Which issue is identified as the hidden station problem in wireless communications?
Which issue is identified as the hidden station problem in wireless communications?
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What is the primary purpose of addressing mechanisms in wireless LANs?
What is the primary purpose of addressing mechanisms in wireless LANs?
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What is the primary function of a repeater in a network?
What is the primary function of a repeater in a network?
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Which layer of the Internet model does a router operate on?
Which layer of the Internet model does a router operate on?
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How does a bridge determine whether to forward or filter a frame?
How does a bridge determine whether to forward or filter a frame?
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Which device connects LANs and WANs together in a network?
Which device connects LANs and WANs together in a network?
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What is one of the limitations of a repeater compared to a bridge?
What is one of the limitations of a repeater compared to a bridge?
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What is the typical role of a bridge in a network?
What is the typical role of a bridge in a network?
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Which of the following correctly describes a hub?
Which of the following correctly describes a hub?
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What notable feature allows a bridge to improve network efficiency?
What notable feature allows a bridge to improve network efficiency?
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What is the maximum length of an Ethernet frame?
What is the maximum length of an Ethernet frame?
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What defines whether an address is unicast or multicast in hexadecimal notation?
What defines whether an address is unicast or multicast in hexadecimal notation?
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Which of the following addresses represents a broadcast address?
Which of the following addresses represents a broadcast address?
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In the context of Ethernet addressing, what does an odd second hexadecimal digit indicate?
In the context of Ethernet addressing, what does an odd second hexadecimal digit indicate?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding Ethernet frame length?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Ethernet frame length?
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What type of Ethernet is characterized by a data rate of 1 Gbps?
What type of Ethernet is characterized by a data rate of 1 Gbps?
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When sending an address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE, which binary representation confirms it is multicast?
When sending an address 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE, which binary representation confirms it is multicast?
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Which of the following Ethernet standards has the highest data rate?
Which of the following Ethernet standards has the highest data rate?
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Study Notes
Chapter 3 - Underlying Technology
- The chapter is about TCP/IP Protocol Suite, version 4.
- The book is written by Behrouz A. Forouzan.
- Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Objectives
- Discuss the technology of dominant wired LANs, including traditional, fast, gigabit, and ten-gigabit Ethernet.
- Discuss the technology of wireless WANs, including IEEE 802.11 LANs and Bluetooth.
- Discuss the technology of point-to-point WANs, including 56K modems, DSL, cable modems, T-lines, and SONET.
- Discuss the technology of switched WANs, including X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM.
- Discuss the need and use of connecting devices such as repeaters, bridges, and routers.
Chapter Outline
- 3.1 Wired Local Area Network
- 3.2 Wireless LANs
- 3.3 Point-to-Point WANs
- 3.4 Switched WANs
- 3.5 Connecting Devices
3-1 Wired Local Area Networks
- A LAN is a computer network limited to a specific geographic area like a building or campus.
- Ethernet is the dominant LAN technology.
- Other technologies like token ring, token bus, FDDI, and ATM LANs have been used.
Topics Discussed in the Section
- IEEE Standards
- Frame Format
- Addressing
- Ethernet Evolution
- Standard Ethernet
- Fast Ethernet
- Gigabit Ethernet
- Ten-Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet Frame
- Preamble: 56 bits of alternating 1s and 0s.
- SFD: Start frame delimiter, flag (10101011).
- Destination address: 6 bytes
- Source address: 6 bytes
- Length/type: 2 bytes
- Data and padding: variable length
- CRC: 4 bytes
Frame Lengths
- Minimum payload length: 46 bytes
- Maximum payload length: 1500 bytes
- Minimum frame length: 512 bits or 64 bytes
- Maximum frame length: 12,144 bits or 1518 bytes
Ethernet Address
- Formatted in hexadecimal notation (12 hexadecimal digits = 48 bits).
- Unicast addresses: start with 0.
- Multicast addresses: start with 1.
- Broadcast address: all digits are F's.
3-2 Wireless LANs
- Wireless communication is a fast-growing technology, demanding cable-free device connection.
- Wireless LANs use IEEE 802.11 technology, sometimes called wireless Ethernet.
- Bluetooth is a technology for small wireless LANs.
Topics Discussed in the Section
- IEEE 802.11
- MAC Sublayer
- Addressing Mechanism
- Bluetooth
- Basic service sets (BSSs)
- Extended service sets (ESSs)
- CSMA/CA flow diagram (CSMA/CA with NAV for preventing problems like hidden station problem and exposed station problem)
3-3 Point-to-Point WANs
- Point-to-point WAN connects two remote devices over a public network (like telephone network)
- Technologies discussed include traditional modems, DSL, cable modems, T-lines, and SONET.
Topics on 3-3 Point-to-Point WANs
- 64K Modems
- DSL Technology
- Cable Modem
- T-Lines
- SONET
- PPP
56k Modem
- Modems use PCM (pulse-code modulation) and telephone networks to transmit data.
ADSL
- Asymmetric technology designed for residential use, not suitable for businesses.
Cable Modem
- Data, video, and data are transmitted over the cable frequencies.
T-Lines Types
- T-1
- T-3
SONET
- Synchronous Optical network
- Provides high-speed transmission using fiber optics.
3-4 Switched WANs
- Backbone networks in the internet use switched WANs.
- WANs cover large areas and access points for the end users. Networks use point-to-point connections using switches and port connectors.
- The technology differs from LAN technology and the main sections are X.25, Frame Relay and ATM.
Topics Discussed in the Section
- X.25
- Frame Relay
- ATM
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
- Cell networks used as the basic data exchange unit.
- Cell as a small and fixed-size block of information.
- ATM multiplexing and architecture
- Virtual circuits uniquely defined by VPI and VCI pairs, and the layers.
3-5 Connecting Devices
- LANs and WANs typically need connecting devices to work with one another.
- Repeaters (or hubs), bridges (or two-layer switches), and routers (or three-layer switches) enable connection to the internet
Topics Discussed in the Section
- Repeaters
- Bridges
- Routers
Repeater
- Repeater forwards every bit, it has no filtering capability
Bridge
- Bridge has a table for filtering decisions
- Bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.
Router
- A router is a three-layer (physical, data link, and network) device.
- A repeater or a bridge connects segments of a LAN.
- A router connects independent LANs or WANs to create an internetwork.
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Description
Explore the TCP/IP Protocol Suite and its various applications in wired and wireless networks. This chapter discusses technologies including Ethernet, IEEE 802.11, and different types of WANs, along with the use of connecting devices like routers and bridges. Gain a deeper understanding of the underlying technologies that support modern computer networks.
