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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)?
Which statement correctly describes the role of Internet Protocol (IP)?
What does a port represent in network communication?
Which of the following correctly matches an application layer protocol with its function?
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What is a socket in networking terms?
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What type of attack involves unauthorized access to information that one is not authorized to see?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of cyberattacks as described?
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What is the primary aim of a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack?
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Which of the following best describes a 'man-in-the-middle' attack?
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What does non-repudiation provide in the context of information security?
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Which operation is typically NOT associated with Modification attacks?
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Shoulder surfing is a method of which type of attack?
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Which layer of the web protocol stack does HTTP operate at?
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Which of the following behaviors describes eavesdropping?
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Which of the following elements is NOT one of the key components of communication?
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An example of a repudiation attack is:
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What is the primary function of the Internet layer in the TCP/IP model?
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In the context of the protocol stack, what does HTTP primarily govern?
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What role does the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) serve in network communication?
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What is the function of the link layer in the TCP/IP model?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of protocols in the protocol stack?
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What does the protocol stack illustrate in terms of communication?
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Why is it important not to perform attacks against any system without permission?
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Study Notes
Networking Basics
- Communication involves three elements: source, destination, and transmission medium.
- Protocols set the rules for communication, allowing for interpretation of data.
Network Protocols
- The TCP/IP model describes how protocols operate at different layers and interact with surrounding layers.
- Four layers in the TCP/IP model:
- Application: Data used by users/applications.
- Transport: Manages communication across devices and networks.
- Internet: Transfers datagrams across networks via routers.
- Link Layer: Facilitates local network communication between two hosts.
The Protocol Stack
- Communication requires interaction across multiple protocols, visualized as a hierarchical stack.
- Key protocols in the stack:
- HTTP: Governs interactions between web servers and clients, defining content and format of requests and responses.
- TCP: Manages individual connections and ensures reliable information delivery.
- IP: Forwards messages across multiple networks using routers.
- Ethernet: Handles message delivery within a local area network (LAN).
Comparing Protocols with Human Verbal Communication
- HTTP likened to language used for communication on the web.
- TCP compared to formal greetings, establishing an interaction.
- IP analogized to body language and vocalization.
- Ethernet compared to the physical transmission of sound.
Servers
- Servers utilize various application layer protocols and are identified by IP addresses.
- To communicate with a server, format the address correctly (e.g., http://192.168.1.1:80).
Ports
- Ports serve as communication endpoints to differentiate services on a host.
- Port numbers range from 0 to 65,535 and are managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
- A socket is a combination of IP, protocol, and port, enabling data transmission.
Attacks
- An attack is an intentional maneuver targeting information systems, classified into four categories:
- Access: Unauthorized information access impacting confidentiality.
- Modification: Unauthorized changes to information affecting integrity.
- Denial-of-Service (DoS): Prevents legitimate user access to resources, affecting availability.
- Repudiation: Denies the validity or occurrence of an action.
Access Attacks
- Examples include shoulder surfing, eavesdropping, and interception (such as Man-in-the-middle attacks).
Modification Attacks
- Involve unauthorized information changes, such as insertion, deletion, or updates to data.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks
- Deny resource access to legitimate users and can include data deletion, encryption, or system disabling.
Repudiation
- Refers to a denial of the truth of an action.
- Non-repudiation is crucial for proving data origin and identity association with actions.
Repudiation Attacks
- Include masquerading (identity theft or spoofing) and denial of event (disavowing a transaction).
HTTP
- HTTP is the core application-layer protocol of the web, operating as a request-response model.
- HTTP/1.1 is widely used, while HTTP/2 is also common.
- It is stateless, with clients (browsers) making requests and servers responding.
- Most critical protocol for web security.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of networking, including the essential components of communication and the TCP/IP protocol model. Understand the various layers in the model and the key protocols that enable reliable data transfer across networks.
