Network Protocols and Text Encoding
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Questions and Answers

Text encodings are needed to map characters to ______ data.

binary

UTF-8 can handle over ______ characters, making it far more versatile than ASCII.

1 million

We use an ______ address to identify a device on the internet.

IP

Processes are addressed using ______ numbers.

<p>port</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP ensures that all packets are delivered successfully and in the correct ______.

<p>order</p> Signup and view all the answers

Error detection in TCP is accomplished through the use of ______.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

When dealing with non-English text or special characters, ______ is preferable to ASCII.

<p>UTF-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP prevents network congestion by adjusting the transmission rate based on network ______.

<p>conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The HTTP request line includes the method, ______, and HTTP version.

<p>URI</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTTP status codes are grouped by their ______, indicating different response categories.

<p>first digit</p> Signup and view all the answers

A status code of ______ indicates that the request succeeded and the server returned the requested resource.

<p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proxies act on behalf of clients to improve performance or provide ______.

<p>security</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ header informs the receiver about the data format of the message.

<p>Content-Type</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character ______ ensures text data is correctly interpreted, especially for non-ASCII characters.

<p>encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTML organizes web content into semantic elements using ______.

<p>tags</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer in web content formats is responsible for providing the look and feel.

<p>Style</p> Signup and view all the answers

GET requests retrieve data while ______ requests send data to the server.

<p>POST</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the loopback address used for testing web servers and applications locally.

<p>127.0.0.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is used in ________.

<p>fiber optics</p> Signup and view all the answers

The name 'Internet' comes from the term '______-networking'.

<p>inter</p> Signup and view all the answers

A node is any ________ connected to the network.

<p>device</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrangement of nodes and links in a network is known as ________.

<p>topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reliable transmission in TCP is achieved through a three-way ______.

<p>handshake</p> Signup and view all the answers

The OSI Model comprises ________ layers.

<p>seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receiver sends an ______ for each successfully received packet.

<p>ACK</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maximum payload size for an IPv4 packet is ________ bytes.

<p>65,515</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each byte of data in TCP has a unique ______ number.

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP ensures reliable transmission by using a ________ handshake.

<p>three-way</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an ACK is not received within a certain time, TCP performs ______.

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IP address provides ________ information to help route a packet.

<p>location</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data integrity in TCP is validated using ______.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

The address 127.0.0.1 refers to the ________ interface.

<p>loopback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Applications that require low latency, such as ______, do not work optimally with TCP.

<p>video streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ govern the rules of communication between devices on a network.

<p>Protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is often preferred over TCP for applications requiring fast, uninterrupted data transfer.

<p>UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Latency refers to the ________ in transmitting data from the source to the destination.

<p>delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Domain Name Service (DNS) translates human-readable domain names into ______.

<p>IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

IP does not ensure that packets reach the receiver in the same ________ they were sent.

<p>order</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bandwidth is defined as the maximum ________ rate a network link can handle.

<p>data</p> Signup and view all the answers

The client-side component that queries the DNS server is known as the ______.

<p>DNS resolver</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNS uses a hierarchical structure that includes ______ DNS servers at the highest level.

<p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

TLD servers are responsible for storing information about ______-level domains.

<p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ stores actual DNS records, providing the final answer to a query.

<p>authoritative server</p> Signup and view all the answers

In binary numbers, the leftmost bit is referred to as the Most ______ Bit (MSB).

<p>Significant</p> Signup and view all the answers

To convert the binary number 1101 to decimal, you calculate it as (1×2^3)+(1×2^2)+(0×2^1)+(1×2^0) = ______.

<p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system can continue functioning even if some nodes fail, known as ______ tolerance.

<p>fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

New nodes can be added to handle increased demand, a feature referred to as ______.

<p>scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of systems that illustrate these concepts include cloud computing platforms, web applications, and ______ systems.

<p>peer-to-peer</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a text-based interface where users interact with the operating system by typing commands.

<p>command line interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receiver sends ______ to confirm the successful receipt of data.

<p>acknowledgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each byte in the data stream is assigned a ______ number to ensure proper order.

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the CLI, users execute tasks like file manipulation, process management, and ______ configuration.

<p>network</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an acknowledgment is not received within a timeout period, TCP ______ the data.

<p>retransmits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signals can be classified as either ______ or digital.

<p>analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP uses ______ to verify data integrity during transmission.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cables transmit electrical signals and are used for short to medium distances.

<p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cables transmit light signals and are ideal for high-speed communication.

<p>Fiber optic</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP is not ideal for applications that prioritize ______ and real-time performance over reliability.

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modulation techniques are employed to encode binary data on an ______ signal.

<p>analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

In video streaming, dropped packets are ______ as the content is time-sensitive.

<p>tolerable</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the ______ of the analog wave varies based on binary input.

<p>amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

Real-time actions in online gaming require low ______.

<p>latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voice over IP (VoIP) needs real-time audio to be delivered with minimal ______.

<p>delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Frequency Modulation (FM), the ______ of the analog wave changes based on binary input.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) represents binary data by changing the ______ of the analog wave.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv4 addresses consist of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to ______.

<p>255</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four ______ digits.

<p>hexadecimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiplexing combines multiple signals to transmit them over a single ______ channel.

<p>communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) allows signals to share the channel by taking turns in ______ slots.

<p>time</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a stateless, application-layer protocol that forms the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.

<p>URL</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ method is used to submit data to create or modify a resource.

<p>POST</p> Signup and view all the answers

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) allows signals to occupy separate ______ bands.

<p>frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTTP/2 uses ______ to improve performance by allowing multiple requests to be sent over a single connection.

<p>request pipelining</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ protocol improves performance, security, and efficiency over HTTP/1.1.

<p>HTTP/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parts of a URL include Scheme, Host, ______, Path, and Query String.

<p>Port</p> Signup and view all the answers

In One's Complement, negative numbers are represented by ______ all the bits of their absolute value.

<p>inverting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two's complement simplifies arithmetic operations because it only has ______ representation of zero.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

In floating point values, the part that determines the range of the value is called the ______.

<p>exponent</p> Signup and view all the answers

A character set includes letters, digits, special characters, and ______ characters.

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character encoding maps characters from the character set to their corresponding ______ values.

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

UTF-8 is better than ASCII because it supports over ______ million characters from multiple languages.

<p>1.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

The instruction set of a CPU is the complete set of ______-level commands that the processor understands.

<p>machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

A program is a static set of instructions, while a ______ is a program in execution.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Operating systems manage CPU, memory, disk, and other ______.

<p>resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Programming languages allow developers to write ______ for computers to execute tasks.

<p>instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

For +5 in an 8-bit binary, the representation is ______ (unchanged).

<p>00000101</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the instruction set, commands like ADD, SUB, and ______ are used for data movement.

<p>MOV</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant feature of an Operating System is ______ management, which handles the creation and scheduling of processes.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of floating point values determines their precision.

<p>mantissa</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ASCII, the character A is encoded as ______.

<p>01000001</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Text Encoding

  • Text encodings map characters to binary data for computer processing and transmission.
  • Standardization ensures text exchange across platforms without misinterpretation.

UTF-8

  • UTF-8 encodes all Unicode characters with variable byte lengths (1 to 4 bytes per character).
  • Supports multiple languages and symbols.
  • Backward compatible with ASCII.
  • Better than ASCII when handling non-English text or special characters.

Machine/Process Addressing

  • IP addresses (IPv4, IPv6) identify devices on the Internet.
  • Port numbers identify processes/applications on a machine.
  • Combined IP address and port number form a socket address for routing.

TCP vs. IP

  • TCP ensures reliable data transmission—packets delivered correctly in order.
  • TCP handles error detection, flow control, and congestion control.
  • IP is best-effort (unreliable); packets might be lost or out of order.

Reliable TCP Transmission

  • Three-way handshake establishes connections.
  • Acknowledgments (ACKs) confirm packet delivery.
  • Sequence numbers ensure order and detect missing packets.
  • Retransmissions compensate for lost packets.
  • Checksums validate data integrity.

Applications Not Ideal for TCP

  • Applications requiring low latency (e.g., video streaming, VoIP, online gaming) are better served by UDP.
  • TCP’s reliability features introduce delays.

DNS

  • DNS translates domain names (e.g., www.example.com) to IP addresses.
  • Simplifies accessing websites by using human-friendly names rather than numerical IP addresses.

DNS Structure

  • DNS Resolver: Queries DNS servers.
  • Root DNS Servers: Point to TLD servers.
  • TLD Servers: Handle specific top-level domains (e.g., .com).
  • Authoritative DNS Servers: Store DNS records and provide answers.
  • DNS Records: (e.g., A, AAAA, MX, CNAME, TXT).

Boolean Algebra

  • Boolean Algebra uses two values: True (1) and False (0).

Boolean Operator OR

  • The OR operator returns True if at least one input is True.
  • Truth table shows possible outcomes.

Binary Numbers

  • Most Significant Bit (MSB) is the leftmost bit with the highest value.
  • Least Significant Bit (LSB) is the rightmost bit with the lowest value.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

  • Convert binary 1101 to decimal 13 by using the place value of each bit in the binary number system.

Binary Addition Rules

  • Describes the four basic rules for adding two binary digits and a carry.

Signed Binary Numbers

  • Naive (Sign-Magnitude): First bit represents sign, rest is absolute value.
  • One's Complement: Inverts bits of the positive representation.
  • Two's Complement: Inverts bits and adds 1 (most common).

Floating-Point Values

  • Floating-Point values represent real numbers (including fractions and decimals) using a sign, exponent, and mantissa.

Character Set

  • A character set is a collection of recognizable characters (letters, digits, symbols).

Character Encoding

  • Character encoding maps characters from a character set to their binary equivalents.

UTF-8 vs. ASCII/ISO-8859-1

  • UTF-8 is more versatile than ASCII or ISO-8859-1.
  • Can encode many different characters from numerous languages, including emojis.
  • Backward compatible with ASCII; has variable-length encoding.

CPU Instruction Set

  • The instruction set comprises commands interpreted by the CPU.
  • Includes instructions for arithmetic, data movement, logic, and control flow.

Program vs. Process

  • A program is a set of static instructions.
  • A process is a program in execution, with allocated resources and state.

Operating Systems

  • Manage computer resources (CPU, memory, disk).
  • Handle processes (creation, scheduling, termination).
  • Organize files and directories (file system).
  • Protect system resources (security).
  • Provide user interfaces (CLI, GUI).

Programming Languages

  • Used to write instructions for computers.
  • Python, C++ are examples.

Networks

  • Facilitate communication between devices.
  • Share resources (e.g., printers, data).
  • Enable scalability and reliability.
  • Client-server model is common for centralized data handling.

Signals

  • Signals represent data for communication.
  • Analog signals are continuous, digital signals are discrete.
  • Transmission mediums (copper, fiber, wireless) affect the signal method (electrical, light, electromagnetic).

Binary Signal Encoding

  • NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): 1 is high, 0 is low voltage.
  • Other methods: Manchester Encoding, NRZ-Inverted.

Analog Signal Encoding

  • Modulation techniques alter signal characteristics (amplitude, frequency, phase).
    • AM (Amplitude Modulation): Amplitude changes based on binary input.
    • FM (Frequency Modulation): Frequency changes based on binary input.
    • PSK (Phase-Shift Keying): Phase changes represent binary input.

Multiplexing

  • Combine multiple signals onto a single channel to improve resource usage and reduce costs.
  • Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).

Network Elements

  • Nodes: Devices connected to the network (computers, routers).
  • Links: Physical/logical connections between nodes (cables).
  • Topology: Arrangement of nodes and links (star, bus).
  • Protocols: Rules for communication (e.g., TCP/IP).
  • Bandwidth: Maximum data rate over a network link.
  • Latency: Delay in transmitting data.

Internet Protocol (IP)

  • Internet originated from inter-networking projects.
  • The OSI model is a conceptual framework to standardize networking.
  • The Network Layer (IP) handles routing of packets across networks using IP addresses.
  • IP packet includes header (source, destination, protocol) and payload (data).

IPv4 vs. IPv6

  • IPv4 addresses are four decimal numbers.
  • IPv6 addresses are eight groups of hexadecimal digits, with possible shortening rules for easier representation.
  • 127.0.0.1 points to the local host on the device.

TCP

  • TCP is a connection-oriented protocol for reliable data transmission.
  • Uses mechanisms like acknowledgments (ACKs), sequence numbers, retransmissions, and checksums.
  • TCP is suitable for applications that need reliability but not for low-latency operations.

HTTP

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is used for communication on the Web.
  • Uses methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, ... ) to interact with resources.
  • URLs specify the location of resources (scheme, host, path, query params).
  • HTTP/2 improvements include request pipelining, server push, and binary encoding.

HTTP Structures

  • HTTP messages have a request or status line, headers, and an optional body (containing data).
  • Headers provide metadata (Content-Type, Content-Length).

HTTP Status Codes

  • Codes grouped by first digit (1xx-5xx) indicate response type (informational, success, redirection, client error, server error).

Character Encoding

  • Character encoding is critical, especially for non-ASCII characters in HTTP.

Proxies/Gateways

  • Proxies improve performance or security (e.g., caching, hiding IPs).
  • Gateways encapsulate services or enforce security on the server side.

HTML Structure

  • HTML uses tags to structure web content (headers, paragraphs, etc.).
  • HTML is used to define document structure, embed multimedia, and provide links.

Web Content Layers

  • HTML (content), CSS (style), and JavaScript (behavior) make up layers of web content formats.

GET vs. POST

  • GET retrieves data; POST sends data to the server.

Loopback Address (127.0.0.1)

  • 127.0.0.1 points to the local machine; used in testing web applications.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in network protocols, including text encoding standards like UTF-8, IP addressing, and TCP/IP communications. Understand the importance of reliable transmission and the mechanisms that ensure data integrity across networks.

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