Network Protocols and Text Encoding

Transforming characters into binary data for computer processing and transmission.

Variable-length character encoding supporting all Unicode characters, backwards compatible with ASCII.

Unique numerical address identifying a device on the internet.

Identifies a specific application or service running on a device.

Combination of IP address and port number to uniquely identify a process on a device.

Ensures data delivery in order and without errors (e.g., lost packets).

Preventing a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.

Prevents network overload by regulating data transmission rate based on network conditions.

TCP uses a three-way handshake, acknowledgments, sequence numbers, retransmissions, and checksums to ensure reliable data delivery.

A process where both sender and receiver acknowledge each other to establish a reliable connection before data transfer.

A signal sent by the receiver to confirm that a packet was received successfully.

Unique identifiers assigned to each byte of data to ensure correct ordering and detect lost packets.

Resending data if the receiver doesn't acknowledge the packet within a certain time.

Used to verify data integrity, if errors are detected, retransmission is triggered

Domain Name Service. It translates human-readable domain names to IP addresses.

The client-side part that queries DNS servers to find IP addresses.

Based on two values: True (1) and False (0).

Outputs True if at least one input is True.

Most Significant Bit, the leftmost bit in a binary number.

Least Significant Bit, the rightmost bit in a binary number.

A method to change binary numbers into decimal numbers.

Rules for basic binary arithmetic functions.

Different ways (e.g., sign-magnitude, one's complement, two's complement) to represent positive and negative numbers in binary.

A method to represent negative numbers in binary by inverting all the bits of the positive number.

The most common method for representing negative numbers in binary. It involves inverting all the bits of the positive number and adding 1.

A representation of real numbers (including fractions and decimals) that combines sign, exponent, and mantissa.

A collection of symbols (letters, digits, special characters, and control characters) that a computer can understand.

A system that maps characters from a character set to their corresponding binary values.

UTF-8 surpasses ASCII and ISO-8859-1 due to its wide character range, backward compatibility, efficient storage, and universal standard.

The set of machine-level commands that a CPU understands and executes.

A program is a static set of instructions, while a process is a dynamic instance of a program running with allocated resources.

A software layer that manages hardware resources, processes, file systems, security, and provides a user interface for interaction with the computer.

The OS controls access to and allocation of hardware resources like CPU, memory, disk space, and peripherals.

The OS creates, schedules, and terminates processes, ensuring efficient use of CPU time.

The OS organizes and manages files and directories for storage and retrieval, providing a structured way to access data.

Structured systems of communication used to write instructions for computers to execute tasks.

Networks enable resource sharing, communication, and distributed processing, enhancing efficiency and collaboration.

A system's ability to continue functioning even if some components (nodes) fail.

The ability to easily add or remove nodes to handle changes in demand, like increasing or decreasing traffic.

A text-based interface where you interact with the operating system by typing commands.

Representations of data used for communication between devices.

A continuous signal that varies over time, like sound waves.

A discrete signal represented as binary values (0s and 1s).

Electrical signals are transmitted through metal wires.

Light signals are transmitted through thin glass fibers.

Electromagnetic signals are used to transmit data over the air.

A method of encoding binary data onto a signal by using high voltage for '1' and low voltage for '0'.

Encoding binary data by varying the amplitude (strength) of an analog wave.

Encoding binary data by varying the frequency (number of waves in a given time) of an analog wave.

Encoding binary data by shifting the phase (position) of an analog wave.

A technique to combine multiple signals and transmit them over a single channel.

Signals share a channel by taking turns in time slots.

Signals occupy separate frequency bands to share a channel simultaneously.

Networks allow devices like computers and smartphones to communicate and exchange data with each other.

Networks enable shared access to resources like printers, servers, and the internet among connected devices.

Networks can accommodate growing numbers of devices without significant disruption.

Networks often use redundant paths to maintain communication even if a part of the network is temporarily down.

Networks enable real-time interactions such as video conferencing and VoIP calls.

The individual devices connected to a network, such as computers, routers, or switches.

The physical or logical connections between network nodes, including cables, wireless signals, or virtual connections.

The arrangement of nodes and links within a network, examples include star, bus, and ring.

Rules governing communication between devices on a network, such as TCP/IP and HTTP.

The maximum data rate a network link can handle, measured in bits per second.

The delay in transmitting data from source to destination, measured in milliseconds.

The name "Internet" stems from "inter-networking", connecting various computer networks using standard protocols.

A conceptual framework that divides network communication into seven layers, each handling a specific function.

Responsible for routing packets across networks using IP addresses, managing packet fragmentation, and ensuring delivery.

The first line of an HTTP request, containing the method (e.g., GET), URI (resource address), and HTTP version.

The first digit of an HTTP status code, indicating a general response category (e.g., success, error, redirection).

HTTP status codes between 200-299 signal that the request was processed successfully. Ex: 200 OK, 201 Created.

HTTP status codes 400-499 indicate that the client's request had an issue (e.g., wrong URL, missing data). Ex: 404 Not Found, 400 Bad Request.

A server that acts as an intermediary between a client and another server, improving performance (caching) or providing security (hiding IPs).

An HTTP header specifying the data format of the message body (e.g., application/json, text/html).

A markup language using tags (e.g., , ) to define the structure and content of web pages.

An HTTP method used to retrieve data from a server, where parameters are visible in the URL. Ex: GET /search?query=cat.

The loopback address, which points to the local machine. Used for testing web servers without external connections.

When TCP doesn't receive an acknowledgment (ACK) within a set time, it retransmits the data to ensure reliable delivery.

TCP uses checksums to verify data integrity during transmission. If errors are detected, the data is retransmitted.

TCP is not ideal for applications that prioritize speed and real-time performance over reliability, such as video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a faster alternative to TCP, prioritizing speed over reliability. It doesn't guarantee data delivery or order.

IPv4 addresses consist of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by periods.

IPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a stateless application-layer protocol used for communication on the World Wide Web.

HTTP is stateless, meaning each request-response pair is independent; no memory is retained between interactions.

Web resources are any identifiable item accessible via HTTP, such as web pages, images, videos, and files.

HTTP methods define the actions you can perform on web resources, such as GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, and more.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) specifies the location of a web resource and how to access it.

A URL has components: scheme, host, port, path, and query string.

HTTP/2 is a more efficient and performant version of HTTP, with features like request pipelining, server push, and binary encoding.

An HTTP message consists of a request or response, with headers and a message body.

RESTful architecture uses standard HTTP methods for interacting with resources.