Computer Networking and Text Encoding
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Questions and Answers

Text encodings are needed to map characters to ______ data.

binary

UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all characters in the ______ standard.

Unicode

ASCII is limited to ______ characters.

128

We use an ______ address to identify a device on the internet.

<p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Processes are addressed using ______ numbers.

<p>port</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP ensures that all packets are delivered successfully and in the correct ______.

<p>order</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP includes ______ to ensure data integrity.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP prevents network congestion by adjusting the ______ rate based on network conditions.

<p>transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

The request line includes the method, URI, and HTTP ______.

<p>version</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTTP status codes are grouped by their ______ digit.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

The code 200 indicates a successful ______.

<p>request</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character encoding is important in HTTP to ensure text data is correctly ______.

<p>interpreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proxies can improve performance by ______ responses.

<p>caching</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Content-Type header informs the receiver about the data ______.

<p>format</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTML organizes web content into ______ elements using tags.

<p>semantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The behavior layer is primarily controlled by ______.

<p>JavaScript</p> Signup and view all the answers

GET requests retrieve data, while POST requests send data to the ______.

<p>server</p> Signup and view all the answers

The address 127.0.0.1 is known as the ______ address.

<p>loopback</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reliable transmission in TCP is achieved through a ______ handshake.

<p>Three-Way</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receiver sends an ______ for each successfully received packet in TCP.

<p>ACK</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each byte of data in TCP has a unique ______ number.

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an ACK is not received within a certain time, TCP performs ______.

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each segment in TCP is validated for integrity using ______.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

Applications that require low latency do not work optimally with ______.

<p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

In video streaming, the delay caused by ______ makes TCP less suited for real-time content.

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

For real-time communication, such as VoIP, ______ is preferred over TCP.

<p>UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Domain Name Service (DNS) translates domain names into ______ addresses.

<p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The client-side component that queries the DNS server is called a ______ resolver.

<p>DNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

The highest level of DNS servers is known as ______ DNS servers.

<p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

TLD servers are responsible for storing information about ______ domains.

<p>second-level</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leftmost bit in a binary number is called the Most Significant ______.

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

In binary, the rightmost bit is known as the Least Significant ______.

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

To convert binary 1101 into decimal, the result is ______.

<p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

Negative numbers in one's complement are represented by inverting all the ______ of the binary representation.

<p>bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two's complement simplifies arithmetic operations and has only one representation of ______.

<p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

A floating point value represents real numbers in a format that uses sign, exponent, and ______.

<p>mantissa</p> Signup and view all the answers

A character set is a collection of characters that a computer can recognize and ______.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

Character encoding maps characters from a character set to their corresponding ______ values.

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

UTF-8 supports over ______ million characters from multiple languages.

<p>1.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

The instruction set of a CPU is the complete set of machine-level ______ that the processor can execute.

<p>commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

A program is a static set of instructions, while a process is a program in ______.

<p>execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

An operating system serves as a bridge between hardware and ______.

<p>applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

Programming languages are structured systems of communication that allow developers to write ______ for computers.

<p>instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

In two's complement, the last step is to add ______ to the inverted bits.

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of character sets include ______ and Unicode.

<p>ASCII</p> Signup and view all the answers

Process management involves the creation, scheduling, and termination of ______.

<p>processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Resources in a computer system include CPU, memory, disk, and other ______.

<p>resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

The name 'Internet' comes from the term 'inter-______'

<p>networking</p> Signup and view all the answers

The OSI Model divides communication processes into ______ layers.

<p>seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ layer in the OSI Model handles routing of packets from source to destination.

<p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IP address serves two main purposes: identification and ______ addressing.

<p>location</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system can continue functioning even if some nodes fail, which is known as ______.

<p>Fault Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

An IP packet contains several fields, including source IP address, destination IP address, and ______.

<p>payload</p> Signup and view all the answers

New nodes can be added to handle increased demand, demonstrating ______.

<p>Scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maximum data rate a network link can handle is referred to as ______.

<p>bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of platforms providing cloud services include ______, web applications, and peer-to-peer systems.

<p>cloud computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The address 127.0.0.1 points to the ______ host.

<p>local</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a text-based interface where users interact with the operating system by typing commands.

<p>Command Line Interface (CLI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In TCP, ______ ensures reliable transmission of data.

<p>connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Linux, commands such as ls, cd, and mkdir are examples of ______ users may need to memorize.

<p>specific commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the OSI model, the ______ layer is responsible for managing how data is presented to the user.

<p>Presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

IP is considered an ______ protocol, meaning it does not guarantee delivery of packets.

<p>unreliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ signals are continuous and vary over time, such as sound waves.

<p>Analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ signals represent data as discrete values, often using binary values.

<p>Digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

The layer known for ensuring error checking and recovery is the ______ layer in TCP.

<p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total packet size for IPv4 is ______ bytes.

<p>65,535</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of signals through ______ cables is suited for electrical signals.

<p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

Protocols govern communication between devices, such as TCP/IP and ______.

<p>HTTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fiber optic cables transmit ______ signals and are used for high-speed communication.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wireless mediums transmit ______ signals such as radio and microwaves.

<p>electromagnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrangement of nodes and links in a network is referred to as its ______.

<p>topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Non-Return-to-Zero encoding, binary 1 is represented by a ______ voltage level.

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

To encode binary data on an analog signal, we use ______ techniques.

<p>modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Amplitude Modulation (AM), a binary 1 corresponds to ______ amplitude.

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) alters the ______ of the analog wave to represent binary data.

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiplexing allows multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a single ______.

<p>communication channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receiver sends ______ to confirm the successful receipt of data.

<p>acknowledgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each byte in the data stream is assigned a ______ number to ensure proper order.

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an acknowledgment is not received within a timeout period, TCP performs ______ of the data.

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP uses ______ to verify data integrity during transmission.

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

TCP is not ideal for applications that prioritize ______ and real-time performance over reliability.

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dropped packets are tolerable in ______ as the content is time-sensitive.

<p>video streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ requires low latency and real-time actions to enhance user experience.

<p>Online gaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voice over IP (VoIP) needs audio to be delivered with minimal ______.

<p>delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv4 addresses consist of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to ______, separated by periods.

<p>255</p> Signup and view all the answers

IPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four ______ digits.

<p>hexadecimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTTP is a ______, application-layer protocol that forms the foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.

<p>stateless</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a standard method for retrieving a resource or its representation through HTTP.

<p>GET request</p> Signup and view all the answers

A URL specifies the location of a resource on the web and how to ______ it.

<p>access</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the key features of HTTP/2 is ______, which allows multiple requests to be sent over a single connection.

<p>request pipelining</p> Signup and view all the answers

HTTP/2 uses a ______ protocol for more efficient data transmission compared to HTTP/1.1.

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Text Encodings

  • Text encodings map characters to binary data for computer storage, processing, and transmission.
  • Standardization ensures cross-platform text compatibility.

UTF-8

  • UTF-8 is a variable-length character encoding supporting Unicode characters.
  • It's backward compatible with ASCII, efficient for common characters.
  • Better than ASCII for non-English text and special characters.

Addressing on the Internet

  • Device (Machine): Identified by IP address (IPv4 or IPv6).
  • Process (Application): Identified by a port number, forming a socket address with the IP address.

TCP Solutions

  • TCP provides reliable data transmission, including:
    • Error detection and correction (checksums)
    • Flow control (preventing sender overload)
    • Congestion control (adjusting transmission rate).
    • Packet sequence and acknowledgements for order and error detection.

Reliable TCP Transmission

  • TCP establishes connections using a three-way handshake.
  • Acknowledgments (ACKs) confirm receipt of packets.
  • Sequence numbers ensure correct order and detect lost packets.
  • Retransmissions handle missing acknowledgments.
  • Checksums verify data integrity.

Applications Not Optimal with TCP

  • Some real-time applications (e.g., video streaming, VoIP, online gaming) may use UDP due to TCP's retransmissions and overhead.
  • These applications prioritize low latency over absolute reliability.

Domain Name Service (DNS)

  • DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.
  • Simplifies internet access by providing more accessible URLs.

DNS Structure

  • Resolver: Client-side component querying the DNS server.
  • Root Servers: Top-level servers directing queries to TLD servers.
  • TLD Servers: Handle top-level domains (e.g., .com).
  • Authoritative Servers: Definitive source of DNS records for a domain.
  • DNS Records: Include A (IPv4), AAAA (IPv6), MX (mail), CNAME (alias), TXT (text) records.

Boolean Algebra

  • Boolean Algebra uses True (1) and False (0) as values.

Boolean Operator OR

  • The OR operator returns True (1) if at least one input is True.
    • Truth table:
      A B A OR B
      0 0 0
      0 1 1
      1 0 1
      1 1 1

Binary Numbers

  • MSB (Most Significant Bit): Leftmost bit, highest value.
  • LSB (Least Significant Bit): Rightmost bit, lowest value.

Binary to Decimal Conversion

  • Converting Binary 1101 to decimal: 13.

Binary Addition Rules

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 0 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 10 (carry 1)

Signed Number Representation

  • Sign-Magnitude: MSB is the sign bit; remaining bits represent the absolute value (two zeros, +0 & -0).
  • One's Complement: Negative number represented by inverting all bits of its absolute value (two zeros, +0 & -0).
  • Two's Complement: Most common method, negative number represented by inverting all bits and adding 1.

Floating-Point Values

  • Floating-point numbers represent real numbers using sign, exponent, and mantissa.

Character Set

  • A character set is a collection of recognizable characters for computers (letters, digits, symbols, control characters).

Character Encoding

  • Character encoding maps characters to binary values, enabling computer interpretation.
    • Example: ASCII (A=01000001), UTF-8

CPU Instruction Set

  • The CPU instruction set contains machine-level commands, controlling CPU operations.

Program vs. Process

  • Program: Static set of instructions (file).
  • Process: Program in execution (dynamic).

Operating Systems (OS)

  • OS manages hardware resources, processes, files, security, and user interfaces.

Programming Languages

  • Programming languages allow developers to write instructions for computers to perform tasks.

Networks

  • Networks enable connected devices to share resources (hardware, software), communicate (real-time interactions), and maintain reliability with redundancy.

Signal Transmission

  • Signals can be analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).
  • Media for transmission include copper cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless mediums.

Binary Signal Encoding

  • NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): 1 is high voltage, 0 is low voltage.
    • Example: 10110 → high-low-high-high-low

Analog Signal Encoding

  • Modulation techniques (AM, FM, PSK) alter analog wave characteristics (amplitude, frequency, phase) based on binary input.
    • AM: Amplitude variations.
    • FM: Frequency variations.
    • PSK: Phase variations.

Multiplexing

  • Multiplexing combines multiple signals into a single communication channel.
    • TDM: Signals take turns by time slots.
    • FDM: Signals occupy separate frequency bands.

Network Elements

  • Nodes: Devices connected to the network.
  • Links: Connections between nodes.
  • Topology: Arrangement of nodes and links.
  • Protocols: Rules for communication.
  • Bandwidth: Network link’s data rate.
  • Latency: Data transmission delay.

Internet Protocol

  • "Internet" refers to the interconnected networking of computer networks.
  • The OSI model standardizes and describes how networking protocols and hardware interact.

OSI Network Layer (IP)

  • IP routes data packets across multiple networks using IP addresses.
  • Handles packet fragmentation.

IP Packet Information

  • IP packets include header metadata (source/destination IP, protocol, total length) and payload (actual data).
  • IPv4 has a max payload of ~65,515 bytes.
  • IPv6 allows a much larger possible payload.

Unreliable IP Nature

  • IP prioritizes speed of delivery over ensuring all packets arrive.

IP Address

  • IP address uniquely identifies a device on the network, used for routing.

Loopback Address

  • 127.0.0.1 refers to the local host, enabling testing without an external network.

TCP

  • TCP provides a connection-oriented, reliable data transmission service.
    • Three-way handshake for connections.
    • Acknowledgements (ACKs) confirm successful packet receipt.
    • Sequence numbers ensure proper order.
    • Retransmissions handle missing packets.

Non-Ideal TCP Applications

  • Applications like video streaming, online gaming, and VoIP may use UDP instead of TCP due to prioritized speed over reliability.

IPv4 Address Identification

  • Four decimal numbers, from 0 to 255, separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1).

IPv6 Address Identification

  • Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
  • Can use shortening rules.

HTTP

  • HTTP is a stateless, application-layer protocol for client-server communication on the web.
    • GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE are basic HTTP methods.

Web Resources

  • Web resources are items accessible via HTTP, represented by their data, e.g., files, text, images, etc.

HTTP Methods

  • HTTP methods define actions performed on web resources.
    • GET retrieves resources.
    • POST submits data for modification.

URL Components

  • URLs specify resource locations, including scheme, host, port, path, and query string.

HTTP/2

  • HTTP/2 improves performance and efficiency over HTTP/1.1 by enabling multiplexing, server push, binary data, and header compression.

HTTP Message Structure

  • HTTP messages have a request/status line, headers, and an optional body.
    • Request/status line includes method, URI, protocol version, status code, reason phrase.
    • Headers include metadata about the message (e.g., content type).

HTTP Status Codes

  • HTTP status codes are grouped by their first digit (1xx, 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx), indicating status categories.
    • 2xx codes indicate success (e.g., 200 OK).
    • 4xx codes indicate client errors (e.g., 404 Not Found).

Character Encoding in HTTP

  • Character encoding (e.g., UTF-8) is crucial in HTTP to correctly handle text characters beyond ASCII.

HTTP Proxies and Gateways

  • HTTP proxies act on behalf of clients.
  • Gateways are intermediaries on the server side.

HTTP Headers (Content-Type / Content-Length)

  • Content-Type specifies the data format.
  • Content-Length provides the size of the data body.

Web Content Layers

  • Web content layers include HTML for structure, CSS for style, and JavaScript for behavior. (HTML, CSS, Javascript)

GET vs. POST

  • GET is primarily for retrieving resources, and POST for sending data to the server.

127.0.0.1 for Testing

  • 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address, useful for testing web applications on the same machine.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in computer networking and text encoding, including UTF-8 and TCP solutions. Test your understanding of how text encodings are implemented and the mechanisms that enable reliable data transmission over networks.

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