Computer Networking and Text Encoding

binary

Unicode

128

<p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>port</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>order</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>version</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>request</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>interpreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>caching</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>format</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>semantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>JavaScript</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>server</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>loopback</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three-Way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACK</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Root</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>second-level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mantissa</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ASCII</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>networking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Network</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>location</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fault Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>payload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scalability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bandwidth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cloud computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>local</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Command Line Interface (CLI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>specific commands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>unreliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analog</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>65,535</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HTTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>electromagnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>topology</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>communication channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acknowledgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>retransmissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>checksums</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>video streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Online gaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>delay</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>255</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hexadecimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stateless</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GET request</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>access</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>request pipelining</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>binary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mapping characters to binary data for computer storage, processing, and transmission.

Character encoding that supports many languages and symbols, using 1-4 bytes per character, and compatible with ASCII.

Unique numerical label used to identify a device on a computer network (e.g., the internet).

Number that identifies a specific application or service running on a machine.

Combination of IP address and port number used to uniquely identify a process.

Internet protocol ensuring reliable data transmission (ordering, error-checking, and flow control).

TCP guarantees message delivery and correct order.

TCP uses checksums to prevent message corruption.

TCP achieves reliable data transmission through a three-way handshake, acknowledgments, sequence numbers, retransmissions, and checksums, guaranteeing delivery and correct ordering.

TCP establishes a connection to confirm that both sender and receiver are ready for data transfer.

Signals confirming that the receiver has successfully received each packet of data. Lack of ACKs triggers retransmissions.

Unique numbers assigned to each byte of data to ensure correct ordering and detection of lost packets.

TCP re-sends data if an acknowledgment is not received within a specific period, guaranteeing data delivery.

Data integrity checks used to detect corrupted data packets, triggering retransmission if necessary.

Translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses.

A client-side component that queries DNS servers to resolve domain names.

Boolean Algebra uses true (1) and false (0) as its two basic values.

Outputs true if at least one input is true in Boolean Algebra.

The leftmost bit in a binary number with the highest value.

The rightmost bit in a binary number with the lowest value.

Converting binary numbers to their decimal equivalent (positive integers).

Rules for adding binary digits, considering carry-overs.

A method for representing negative numbers in binary by inverting all bits of the positive value's binary representation. For example, -5 is represented by inverting all bits of 00000101, resulting in 11111010.

The most common method of representing negative numbers in binary. It is achieved by inverting all bits of the positive value's binary representation and then adding 1 to the result. For example, -5 is calculated by inverting 00000101 to get 11111010 and then adding 1, resulting in 11111011.

A representation of real numbers (including fractions and decimals) in a computer using a sign bit, exponent, and mantissa. The exponent indicates the value's range, and the mantissa represents its precision.

A collection of characters that a computer can recognize and process, including letters, digits, special characters, and control characters.

A system that maps characters from a character set to their corresponding binary values for storage and transmission. Each character is assigned a unique binary code.

UTF-8 is superior because it supports a wider range of characters (over 1.1 million) from multiple languages, including emojis. It is backward compatible with ASCII, uses variable-length encoding for efficient storage, and is the universal standard for encoding text.

The complete set of machine-level commands that a CPU can execute. These instructions control the processor's operations, such as arithmetic calculations, data movement, and control flow.

A program is a static set of instructions written in a programming language, while a process is a program in execution. Processes are dynamic and include the program's code, resources, and execution state.

Operating systems act as a bridge between hardware and applications, managing resources (CPU, memory, disk), processes, files, security, and providing user interfaces.

Programming languages are systems of communication that allow developers to write instructions (code) for computers to execute tasks. They provide a structured way to express algorithms and control computer behavior.

A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices (nodes) that can share resources (hardware, data, software) and communicate with each other. Key features include resource sharing, communication via a network, and distributed processing.

Input devices are used to enter data into a computer system. They capture data from the outside world to be processed by the computer.

Output devices present processed data from the computer to the user or other external systems.

Storage devices are used to store data and programs for long-term use, allowing for retrieval and preservation of information.

System software is software that manages and controls the computer hardware and provides basic functionality for the computer system. Operating systems, device drivers, and utilities are examples of system software.

Application software is software designed for specific user tasks. It provides tools and services to perform specific functions, such as word processing, web browsing, or gaming.

Networks enable communication between multiple devices, allowing them to share data and resources.

Networks can easily accommodate new devices and users without disrupting existing connections.

Networks use redundant paths to ensure communication even if part of the network fails.

A device connected to a network, such as a computer, router, or switch.

The physical or logical connection between two nodes in a network, like a cable or wireless signal.

Arrangement of nodes and links in a network, like a star, bus, or ring.

Rules that govern communication between devices on a network, ensuring data is transmitted and received correctly.

The maximum data rate that a network link can handle, measured in bits per second (bps).

The delay in data transmission from source to destination.

The term "Internet" originated from "inter-networking", connecting different computer networks.

The OSI Model divides networking communication into seven layers, each handling different functionalities.

The Network Layer (IP) routes packets across multiple networks using IP Addresses, manages fragmentation, and handles data delivery.

An IP packet contains information like source and destination IP addresses, payload, and protocol type.

The ability of a system to continue operating even if some of its components fail. This ensures reliability and resilience in the face of errors.

The ability of a system to handle increased workload or user demand by adding more resources (servers, storage, etc.).

A text-based interface used to interact with an operating system by typing commands. It offers direct and powerful control over functions.

Using commands, you can manage files, processes, network settings, and perform system administration tasks.

CLIs are often favored for their speed, power, and scripting capabilities. They are essential for advanced users and system administrators.

A representation of data used to communicate information between devices. It can be analog (continuous) or digital (discrete).

Copper cables, fiber optic cables, and wireless mediums are common ways to transmit signals, each with different properties and signal types.

The type of medium used dictates the signal characteristics. Copper for electrical, fiber for light, and wireless for electromagnetic.

The process of representing binary values (0 and 1) using specific signal states for transmission.

A simple encoding scheme where a high voltage level represents '1', and a low voltage represents '0'.

Using modulation techniques to alter an analog signal's properties (amplitude, frequency, phase) to carry binary data.

Modulation technique where the amplitude (height) of a carrier wave varies to represent binary data.

Modulation technique where the frequency (number of waves per unit time) varies to represent binary data.

Modulation technique where the phase (wave starting position) of a carrier wave changes to represent binary data.

Combining multiple signals onto a single communication channel to efficiently use bandwidth and resources.

Multiplexing allows for efficient bandwidth utilization, cost reduction, and scalable communication by enabling multiple users or signals to share the same channel.

Numbers indicating the outcome of an HTTP request, categorized by their first digit.

GET retrieves data with parameters shown in the URL, while POST sends data with hidden parameters in the body.

Informs the receiver about the format of the data being sent, like JSON or HTML.

Specifies the size of the message body in bytes, so the receiver knows when it has received all the data.

A server acting on behalf of clients, improving performance (e.g., caching) or providing security (e.g., hiding IP addresses).

A server-side intermediary that enhances or enforces security for services.

Organizes web content into semantic elements using tags, defining structure, embedding multimedia, and providing hyperlinks.

HTML for content, CSS for styling, and JavaScript for behavior, forming a layered approach to web development.

The loopback address used to test web servers and applications locally, without an external network, allowing developers to work directly with the server.

Signals sent by the receiver to confirm successful receipt of data packets.

TCP re-sends data packets if an acknowledgment (ACK) is not received within a set timeframe, guaranteeing reliable delivery.

TCP prioritizes reliability over speed, leading to latency caused by retransmissions, making it unsuitable for time-sensitive applications like video streaming or online gaming.

A faster, less reliable protocol that prioritizes speed over guaranteed delivery, making it a better choice for real-time applications where some data loss is acceptable.

A stateless protocol used for communication on the World Wide Web, allowing clients to request and retrieve resources like web pages and images.

Any identifiable item on the web accessible via HTTP, such as web pages, documents, images, or videos.

The way a resource is presented to the user, like an HTML page or a JSON object, depending on the requested format.

A software architectural style that uses standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE to interact with web resources.

Actions performed on web resources, including retrieving (GET), submitting (POST), updating (PUT), and deleting (DELETE).

A web address that specifies the location of a resource and how to access it, containing components like scheme, host, port, path, and query string.

HTTP/2 offers enhanced performance, security, and efficiency compared to HTTP/1.1, featuring features like request pipelining, server push, and binary encoding.