Questions and Answers
Which attribute correctly describes voice traffic?
What characterizes video traffic compared to voice traffic?
How does FIFO queuing manage traffic?
Which statement accurately describes WFQ?
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What is a key feature of QoS technologies?
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What is the primary concern for both voice and video traffic?
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In what way is voice traffic described in terms of bandwidth usage?
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How does burstiness in video traffic impact its quality?
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What distinguishes integrated services in QoS mechanisms?
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What is the consequence of voice and video traffic using UDP?
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Study Notes
Port Numbers
- Well-known port numbers are those below 1024.
- Dynamically assigned port numbers are above 1024.
- Registered port numbers are mainly above 1024, designated for vendor-specific applications.
Domain Name Service (DNS)
- Translates domain names into IP addresses.
- There are over 200 top-level domains on the internet.
FTP and TFTP
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a connection-oriented service using TCP, ensuring reliable file transfers.
- TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) is connectionless and uses UDP, commonly used on routers for transferring configuration files.
- TFTP is designed to be small and easy to implement.
SNMP
- Simple Network Management Protocol, facilitates management information exchange between network devices.
TELNET
- Client software for logging into remote internet hosts running telnet server applications.
- Allows execution of commands from the command line interface.
Access Control Lists (ACLs)
- A Layer 3 security measure controlling traffic between routers, referred to as Packet Filtering Firewalls.
- Types of ACLs:
- Standard ACL
- Extended ACL
- Named ACL
Standard Access List
- Number range is 1-99.
- Capable of blocking network, host, and subnet traffic.
- Stops two-way communication and blocks all services.
- Implemented closest to the destination.
Configuration Commands for Access Lists
- Create a standard named access list:
-
Router(config)# ip access-list standard
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- Implement a standard named access list:
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Router(config)#interface -
Router(config-if)#ip access-group
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Extended Access List
- Create an extended named access list:
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Router(config)# ip access-list extended <destination wildcard mask>
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- Implementation follows similar commands as standard lists.
Bridge Basics
- Bridge ID combines bridge priority and MAC address to track all switches in the network.
- Non-root bridges exchange BPDUs with all other bridges to maintain STP topology.
Port Costs and Convergence
- Link cost determined by bandwidth.
- Path cost is the cumulative cost to the root bridge.
- BPDUs contain information about ports, costs, and priorities.
- Convergence occurs when ports transition to forwarding or blocking states. Original STP (802.1d) takes 50 seconds to transition from blocking to forwarding.
Bridge Port Roles
- Root Port: Best path to the root bridge; all non-root bridges must have this.
- Designated Port: Lowest cost to access a specific network segment.
- Non-designated Port: Highest cost, kept in a blocked state.
- Forwarding Port: Capable of forwarding frames.
- Blocked Port: Receives only BPDUs.
- Alternate and Backup Ports: Related to blocking states in STP and RSTP, respectively.
Spanning-Tree Port States
- Disabled: Non-operational state.
- Blocking: Does not forward frames; only listens to BPDUs.
Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)
- Works with DHCP snooping to protect against ARP poisoning by rejecting invalid ARP packets.
- Maintains a binding database of valid (MAC address, IP address) pairs.
Identity-based Networking
- Integrates several components to provide users with network services.
- IEEE 802.1x standard can be employed for identity-based networking in wired and wireless hosts.
External Authentication Options
- RADIUS: Combines authentication and authorization; follows a three-stage authentication process.
- TACACS+: Cisco's proprietary security server using TCP for authentication.
Voice and Video Traffic
-
Voice Traffic:
- Sensitive to delays/drops; uses UDP and has no retransmission for lost packets.
- Flows evenly and requires low bandwidth per call.
-
Video Traffic:
- Also sensitive to delays/drops with no retransmission.
- Characteristics include burstiness and higher bandwidth demands for better quality.
Traffic Management Algorithms
- FIFO (First In First Out): Processes traffic in the order received without prioritization.
- WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing): Prioritizes interactive traffic for quicker response times and shares bandwidth among high-volume flows fairly.
Quality of Service (QoS) Technologies
- Enhance network services for edge applications using mechanisms such as Best Effort and Integrated Services.
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Description
This quiz covers essential network protocols, including FTP, TFTP, DNS, SNMP, and TELNET, as well as an overview of well-known and dynamically assigned port numbers. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in network management and security.
