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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a repeater in a LAN?
What is the primary function of a repeater in a LAN?
- To check the MAC addresses of incoming frames
- To filter out corrupted packets and forward only error-free packets
- To assign IP addresses to stations in the LAN
- To regenerate and retime the original bit pattern of incoming signals (correct)
What happens to a packet arriving at a hub from station A to station B?
What happens to a packet arriving at a hub from station A to station B?
- It is broadcast to all stations except the one that sent it (correct)
- It is filtered out if it contains corrupted data
- It is discarded if the signal is weak
- It is forwarded only to station B
At which layers of the OSI model does a link-layer switch operate?
At which layers of the OSI model does a link-layer switch operate?
- Physical and network layers
- Network and transport layers
- Data-link and network layers
- Physical and data-link layers (correct)
What does a link-layer switch do when it receives a frame with a destination MAC address not in its table?
What does a link-layer switch do when it receives a frame with a destination MAC address not in its table?
What is the purpose of a link-layer switch's table?
What is the purpose of a link-layer switch's table?
What happens when a learning switch does not have an entry for a destination MAC address in its table?
What happens when a learning switch does not have an entry for a destination MAC address in its table?
What is the primary goal of the Spanning Tree Algorithm in Step 2?
What is the primary goal of the Spanning Tree Algorithm in Step 2?
What is the purpose of the forwarding ports in the Spanning Tree Algorithm?
What is the purpose of the forwarding ports in the Spanning Tree Algorithm?
What is the purpose of the blocking ports in the Spanning Tree Algorithm?
What is the purpose of the blocking ports in the Spanning Tree Algorithm?
What is the primary function of a router?
What is the primary function of a router?
What is the technology used to connect the two LANs in the example given in Figure 17.9?
What is the technology used to connect the two LANs in the example given in Figure 17.9?
What is the result of applying the Spanning Tree Algorithm to a network?
What is the result of applying the Spanning Tree Algorithm to a network?
When a station moves from one VLAN to another, what happens to the broadcast messages it receives?
When a station moves from one VLAN to another, what happens to the broadcast messages it receives?
What is the primary purpose of grouping stations in a VLAN?
What is the primary purpose of grouping stations in a VLAN?
What is the method by which stations are configured to belong to a VLAN?
What is the method by which stations are configured to belong to a VLAN?
In a multi-switched backbone, how do switches communicate with each other to determine VLAN membership?
In a multi-switched backbone, how do switches communicate with each other to determine VLAN membership?
What is one of the advantages of using VLANs in a network?
What is one of the advantages of using VLANs in a network?
What is the characteristic used to group stations in a VLAN, according to vendors?
What is the characteristic used to group stations in a VLAN, according to vendors?
What is the primary function of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) in an organization?
What is the primary function of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) in an organization?
What is the main benefit of using Network Address Translation (NAT) in a small network?
What is the main benefit of using Network Address Translation (NAT) in a small network?
What happens when a router receives a packet while processing another packet?
What happens when a router receives a packet while processing another packet?
What is the consequence of packet loss on the Internet network layer?
What is the consequence of packet loss on the Internet network layer?
How many bits are used for the Host ID in a 220.8.24.128/25 network?
How many bits are used for the Host ID in a 220.8.24.128/25 network?
What is the primary goal of congestion control?
What is the primary goal of congestion control?
What is the maximum number of sub-networks possible in a 220.8.24.128/25 network?
What is the maximum number of sub-networks possible in a 220.8.24.128/25 network?
What are the two metrics used to measure the performance of a network in congestion control?
What are the two metrics used to measure the performance of a network in congestion control?
What is the purpose of DHCP in relation to TCP/IP?
What is the purpose of DHCP in relation to TCP/IP?
What is the primary reason for using NAT in most situations?
What is the primary reason for using NAT in most situations?
What are the two approaches to congestion control?
What are the two approaches to congestion control?
What is the relationship between congestion at the network layer and congestion at the transport layer?
What is the relationship between congestion at the network layer and congestion at the transport layer?
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Study Notes
Repeaters and Hubs
- A repeater is a multiport device that receives a signal, regenerates and retimes the original bit pattern, and forwards the packet from all outgoing ports except the one from which the signal was received.
- This process is called broadcasting, and all stations in the LAN receive the frame, but only the intended recipient keeps it.
Link-Layer Switches
- A link-layer switch operates in both the physical and data-link layers, regenerating the signal it receives and checking the MAC addresses contained in the frame.
- The switch forwards the frame only through the port that corresponds to the destination MAC address.
- If the switch does not have an entry for the destination MAC address, it will broadcast the frame to all ports.
VLANs
- VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) technology allows the grouping of stations connected to different switches in a VLAN.
- Stations can be grouped based on characteristics such as interface numbers, port numbers, MAC addresses, IP addresses, IP multicast addresses, or a combination of two or more of these.
- Stations are configured into VLANs manually, automatically, or semi-automatically.
- In a multi-switched backbone, each switch must know the membership status of stations connected to other switches, which can be achieved through table maintenance, frame tagging, or time-division multiplexing.
- Advantages of VLANs include reducing packet loss, improving performance, and increasing security.
Congestion Control
- Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and techniques used to control congestion and keep the load below the capacity of the network.
- Congestion control involves two metrics: delay and throughput.
- Congestion control techniques can either prevent congestion before it happens or remove congestion after it has happened.
Network Address Translation (NAT)
- NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses internally and a small set of addresses externally.
- NAT provides the mapping between private and universal addresses, supporting virtual private networks.
Spanning Tree Algorithm
- The Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to prevent loops in a network.
- Step 1: Select a root switch.
- Step 2: Find the shortest path from the root switch to every other switch or LAN.
- Step 3: Mark the ports that are part of the spanning tree (forwarding ports) and those that are not part of the spanning tree (blocking ports).
Routers
- A router is a three-layer device that operates in the physical, data-link, and network layers.
- Routers can be used to connect multiple LANs to form a larger LAN.
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