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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a net ionic equation?
What is the primary purpose of a net ionic equation?
- To eliminate the spectator ions and show only the actual chemical change (correct)
- To determine the solubility of the reactants
- To show all the reactants and products in a chemical reaction
- To balance the chemical equation
What is the definition of a precipitate?
What is the definition of a precipitate?
- A soluble compound formed in a chemical reaction
- A reactant in a chemical reaction
- An insoluble compound formed in a chemical reaction (correct)
- A catalyst used in a chemical reaction
What is the difference between precipitation and crystallization?
What is the difference between precipitation and crystallization?
- Precipitation is a type of crystallization
- Precipitation forms small crystals, while crystallization forms large crystals (correct)
- Precipitation forms large crystals, while crystallization forms small crystals
- Precipitation is a slow process, while crystallization is a fast process
Which of the following statements is true about ionic compounds?
Which of the following statements is true about ionic compounds?
What is the result of mixing a soluble Ag+(aq) solution with a soluble CrO42-(aq) solution?
What is the result of mixing a soluble Ag+(aq) solution with a soluble CrO42-(aq) solution?
What is a characteristic of the solid formed in a precipitation reaction?
What is a characteristic of the solid formed in a precipitation reaction?
What happens to the ions in a precipitation reaction when they are spectator ions?
What happens to the ions in a precipitation reaction when they are spectator ions?
What is the purpose of writing a net ionic equation?
What is the purpose of writing a net ionic equation?
Which of the following compounds is most likely to be insoluble in water?
Which of the following compounds is most likely to be insoluble in water?
What is the result of mixing two solutions that contain soluble compounds with no precipitate forming?
What is the result of mixing two solutions that contain soluble compounds with no precipitate forming?
What is the role of the molecular equation in a precipitation reaction?
What is the role of the molecular equation in a precipitation reaction?
What is the purpose of identifying the spectator ions in a precipitation reaction?
What is the purpose of identifying the spectator ions in a precipitation reaction?
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction described in the passage?
What is the net ionic equation for the reaction described in the passage?
In the reaction, how many moles of Cl- ions are produced from 1 mole of ZnCl2?
In the reaction, how many moles of Cl- ions are produced from 1 mole of ZnCl2?
Which step in the preparation of molar solutions involves weighing the solid to the desired amount?
Which step in the preparation of molar solutions involves weighing the solid to the desired amount?
What is the purpose of adding deionized water below the calibration mark in a volumetric flask?
What is the purpose of adding deionized water below the calibration mark in a volumetric flask?
What is the purpose of diluting a solution in chemistry?
What is the purpose of diluting a solution in chemistry?
What intervention ensures the thorough mixing of a solute in a volumetric flask during solution preparation?
What intervention ensures the thorough mixing of a solute in a volumetric flask during solution preparation?
What is the characteristic of nitric acid that allows it to release one mole of H+ per mole of acid?
What is the characteristic of nitric acid that allows it to release one mole of H+ per mole of acid?
What is the purpose of calculating the number of H+ ions in a solution of nitric acid?
What is the purpose of calculating the number of H+ ions in a solution of nitric acid?
What is a characteristic of strong acids?
What is a characteristic of strong acids?
What is the result of an acid-base reaction, also known as a neutralization reaction?
What is the result of an acid-base reaction, also known as a neutralization reaction?
How many moles of H+ are released per mole of nitric acid in a solution?
How many moles of H+ are released per mole of nitric acid in a solution?
What is the primary reason for the dissociation of covalent compounds in water?
What is the primary reason for the dissociation of covalent compounds in water?
What is the type of reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react with each other?
What is the type of reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react with each other?
What is the result of the interaction between H+ ions and water molecules in aqueous solution?
What is the result of the interaction between H+ ions and water molecules in aqueous solution?
What is the reason why nitric acid is considered a strong acid?
What is the reason why nitric acid is considered a strong acid?
Which of the following is an example of a weak acid?
Which of the following is an example of a weak acid?
What is the definition of a base in terms of its behavior in water?
What is the definition of a base in terms of its behavior in water?
How many strong acids are discussed in this course?
How many strong acids are discussed in this course?
What is the characteristic of a compound that contains the OH group in its formula?
What is the characteristic of a compound that contains the OH group in its formula?
What is the result of the reaction between an ionic oxide of group 1(A) and water?
What is the result of the reaction between an ionic oxide of group 1(A) and water?
What is the characteristic of a strong base?
What is the characteristic of a strong base?
Which of the following is a weak base?
Which of the following is a weak base?
What is the characteristic of a weak acid or weak base in aqueous solution?
What is the characteristic of a weak acid or weak base in aqueous solution?
Which of the following is an example of a heavy group 2A(2) hydroxide?
Which of the following is an example of a heavy group 2A(2) hydroxide?
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Study Notes
Net Ionic Equations
- A net ionic equation eliminates spectator ions and shows only the actual chemical change
- The electric charges on both sides of the equation must balance
- Example: 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42– (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s)
Precipitation Reactions
- A precipitation reaction occurs when two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product, called a precipitate
- A precipitate is an insoluble compound, either ionic or covalent
- Not all ionic compounds are soluble in water
- The resulting solid crystals from a precipitation reaction are very small (microcrystals)
- Example: 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO42– (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s)
Molecular, Total Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
- Molecular equation: 2KF (aq) + Sr(NO3)2 (aq) → 2KNO3 (aq) + SrF2 (s)
- Total ionic equation: 2K+ (aq) + 2F− (aq) + Sr2+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) → 2K+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) + SrF2 (s)
- Net ionic equation: Sr2+ (aq) + 2F− (aq) → SrF2 (s)
Laboratory Preparation of Molar Solutions
- Step 1: Weigh the solid to the desired amount on a weighing boat
- Step 2: Transfer the solid quantitatively to a volumetric flask
- Step 3: Add deionized water below the calibration mark and shake to completely dissolve the solute
- Step 4: Add deionized water to the final volume and shake the flask
Diluting a Solution
- Diluting: adding solvent to a solution of higher molarity to decrease the concentration to a lower molarity
Acid-Base Reactions
- Acid-base reactions always produce water
- Not all formulas with one or more H atoms are acids
- Acids are covalent compounds, not ionic
- Dissociation of dissolved covalent compounds is rare
- Strong acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
- Weak acids: HF, HNO2, H2SO3, H3PO4
H+ Ion as a Solvated Hydronium Ion
- H+ interacts strongly with H2O, forming H3O+ in aqueous solution
- H3O+ ion further surrounds itself with H2O molecules in an interaction known as hydrogen bonding
Strong and Weak Acids
- Strong acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
- Weak acids: HF, H3PO4, CH3COOH (or HC2H3O2), and all organic acids
Bases
- A base is a substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in H2O
- Production of OH- ions can occur under different scenarios:
- A pure compound already contains the OH- group
- An ionic oxide of group 1(A) or group 2(A)
- Aqueous solutions of some covalent compounds, such as NH3
Strong and Weak Bases
- Strong bases: Group 1A(1) hydroxides, heavy Group 2A(2) hydroxides
- Weak bases: everything else, including NH3 and Mg(OH)2
Acids and Bases as Electrolytes
- Strong acids and strong bases dissociate completely into ions in aqueous solution and are strong electrolytes
- Weak acids and weak bases dissociate very little into ions in aqueous solution and are weak electrolytes
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