Nervous Tissue: Neurons and Neuroglia

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Questions and Answers

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is classified as a ______ neuron.

multipolar

The grace to be accurate in your expositions shows the importance of ______ and clarity.

thoroughness

The histologic layers comprising the ______ can be microscopically identified.

cerebellum

The part of the neuron that contains microtubules and mitochondria is the ______.

<p>axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anterior Horn of Human Spinal Cord is stained with ______ Blue.

<p>toluidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated nerve fibers prevent the loss of ______ impulse.

<p>nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ matter consists of ascending and descending fibers and is mostly myelinated.

<p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

The histologic difference is observed between the gray matter in the ______ and that of the cerebellum.

<p>cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

The functional unit of a nervous tissue is called a ______.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] cells myelinate and insulate CNS axons.

<p>oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outermost of the 3 meningeal layers is called ______ mater.

<p>dura</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system contains ______, ganglia, and nerve endings.

<p>nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is equivalent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

<p>nissl substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

One key function of ______ is assisting in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

<p>ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater is the ______ mater.

<p>arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phagocytes of the nervous tissue are called ______.

<p>microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are electrically insulates PNS cell bodies.

<p>satellite cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key characteristic of unmyelinated nerve fibers in the PNS is that nodes of ranvier are ______.

<p>not seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lipoidal substance that covers the nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS is ______.

<p>myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

The region of the germ layer where the nervous tissue is derived from is the ______.

<p>ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cranial meninges are made up of dura mater, arachnoid mater and ______ mater.

<p>pia</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ______ is the external coat of the nerve.

<p>epineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the key function of astrocytes is forming part of the ______ barrier.

<p>blood-brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dorsal and ventral horns are part of the ______ matter.

<p>grey</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] neurons are specifically located in the dorsal root ganglion.

<p>pseudounipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The area that surrounds each bundle of nerve is called ______.

<p>perineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Central Nervous System, Astrocytes replicate to occupy space of ______ neurons

<p>dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] matter contains sensory and motor nuclei.

<p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and the ______ cord.

<p>spinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Peripheral Nervous System, Schwann cell surrounds and insulate PNS ______ and myelinate those having large diameters.

<p>axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrical signals are transferred through the ______.

<p>synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are neuronal processes that receive input from other neurons.

<p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are bundles of axons in the PNS.

<p>nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

The area that surrounds individual nerve fibers is called ______.

<p>endoneurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater is the ______ mater.

<p>arachnoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is the outer region of the brain and the inner region of the spinal cord.

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The peripheral nervous system's glial cells consists of satellite cells and ______ cells.

<p>schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myelinated axons allows faster ______ potential propagation.

<p>action</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two main regions of the brain and spinal cord are the ______ matter and the white matter.

<p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skill to express oneself shows the importance of ______ and clarity.

<p>thoroughness</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron with a single axon and multiple dendrites is known as a ______ neuron.

<p>multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

The germ layer where the nervous tissue is derived is the ______.

<p>ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ of the nervous tissue are phagocytes that move throughout the CNS removing debris and pathogens.

<p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The functional unit of a nervous tissue is the ______.

<p>neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

In myelinated nerve fibers, the ______ prevent loss of nerve impulse.

<p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cells electrically insulate PNS cell bodies and regulate nutrient and waste exchange.

<p>Satellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer region of the brain is composed of ______ matter, while the inner region of the spinal cord is composed of ______ matter.

<p>gray</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ are glial cells which produce myelin in the central nervous system, insulating axons for faster signal transmission.

<p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the peripheral nervous system, axons are enclosed and insulated by ______ cells, which wrap around the nerve fibers.

<p>Schwann</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain's outermost layer, the ______, has a distinct structure with six layers, each containing different types of neurons and connections.

<p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______, a component of the CNS, is characterized by myelinated fibers and glial cells, and it's responsible for transmitting signals over long distances.

<p>white matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______, with its H-shaped structure, contains interneurons that receive sensory fibers, contributing to reflexes and sensory processing.

<p>gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ meninx, the outermost layer of the CNS's connective tissue, consists of thick, dense irregular connective tissue continuous with the periosteum of the skull.

<p>dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

Located within the central nervous system, ______ are responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

<p>ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers (fascicle) providing structural support and organization within a nerve.

<p>perineurium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ in the peripheral nervous system have smaller diameter axons and are still intertwined with schwann cells, but they lack multiple myelin wrappings and visible nodes of Ranvier.

<p>unmyelinated nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike their counterparts in the central nervous system, ______ in the peripheral nervous system myelinate only a single axon segment.

<p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons, known as ______, are essential for protein synthesis, especially of neurotransmitters.

<p>Nissl substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle meningeal layer, known as the ______, is composed of two components: a sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater, and a system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater.

<p>arachnoid mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the cerebrum, the ______ consists of six distinct layers, each with unique arrangements of neurons and connections, showcasing a highly organized structure.

<p>cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spinal cord consists of two ______, which contain sensory fibers from neurons and is the location for interneurons in the spinal cord.

<p>dorsal horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the central nervous system, supportive immune functions, clearing debris, and engulfing infectious agents is the role of ______.

<p>microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain differs from the spinal cord in that the ______ matter is superficially located and the ______ matter is more centrally located.

<p>gray, white</p> Signup and view all the answers

Areas with a high concentration neuronal cell bodies and connections within the CNS are also known as ______.

<p>gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key feature of ______ is that the internodal segments contain nodes of ranvier and schwann segments.

<p>myelinated nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nissl Substance

Cytoplasmic granules in neurons, representing rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Axon Hillock

The region where the axon originates from the neuron's cell body.

Multipolar Neuron

A neuron with multiple dendrites and a single axon, the most common type in the CNS.

Bipolar Neuron

A neuron with one dendrite and one axon.

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Pseudounipolar Neuron

A neuron with a single process that branches into two axons.

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Synapse

Junction where neurons communicate through chemical or electrical signals.

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Astrocytes

Glial cells in the CNS that form the blood-brain barrier and regulate the CNS environment.

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Oligodendrocytes

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Microglia

Phagocytic glial cells that protect the CNS by removing debris and pathogens.

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Ependymal Cells

Epithelial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, involved in CSF production.

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Dura Mater

The outermost layer of the meninges, composed of dense connective tissue.

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Arachnoid Mater

The middle layer of the meninges, featuring a spiderweb-like arrangement.

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Pia Mater

The innermost layer of the meninges, closely adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

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White Matter

Brain and spinal cord region with myelinated nerve fibers; responsible for rapid communication.

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Gray Matter

Brain and spinal cord region with neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers; processes information.

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Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-order cognitive functions.

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Cerebellum

Three-layered structure that coordinates movement and motor skills

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Dorsal Horns

Regions in the spinal cord containing interneurons that receive sensory information.

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Ventral Horns

Regions in the spinal cord containing multipolar motor neurons.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings located outside the CNS.

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Schwann Cells

Glial cells that myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Satellite Cells

Glial cells that support and protect neuron cell bodies in ganglia.

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Epineurium

Outermost connective tissue layer surrounding an entire nerve.

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Perineurium

Connective tissue layer surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers.

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Endoneurium

Connective tissue layer surrounding an individual nerve fiber.

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Internodal Segments

Myelinated segments of nerve fibers between Nodes of Ranvier.

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Study Notes

Overview of Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons come in different types based on their structure.
  • Neuroglial cells are found in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  • The brain and spinal cord have two main regions differentiated by their location and structural components.
  • The cerebellum is composed of identifiable histologic layers.
  • Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are microscopically distinguishable.

Morphology of a Typical Neuron

  • Key components include dendrites, multipolar neurons, Nissl substance, axon hillock, and axons.
  • White matter and gray matter of the anterior horn are the key structural elements.
  • Nissl bodies, nucleus, and neuroglial nuclei are present.
  • Purkinje neuron of the cerebellum has dendrites and dendritic spines.
  • Glia is observed.

Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Neurons

  • Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon.
  • Bipolar neurons have one dendrite and one axon.
  • Unipolar neurons have a single process extending from the cell body.
  • Anaxonic neurons have many dendrites but no axon.
  • Pseudounipolar neurons include satellite cells and sensory neuron cell bodies.

Synapse Structure

  • Nerve impulses travel from the axon of a presynaptic neuron.
  • Calcium ions play a role in neurotransmitter release.
  • Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters like acetylcholine (ACh).
  • Mitochondria provides energy for synaptic activity.

Central Nervous System

  • Central neuroglia consist of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
  • Astrocytes form part of the blood-brain barrier and regulate interstitial fluid composition.
  • Oligodendrocytes myelinate and insulate CNS axons.
  • Microglia acts as phagocytic cells within the CNS.
  • Ependymal cells line brain ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Astrocytes can be protoplasmic or fibrous.

Connective Tissue of the CNS

  • The meninges have 3 layers:
    • Dura mater is the outermost layer, thick and continuous with the skull's periosteum.
    • Arachnoid mater is the middle layer having connective tissue sheets and loosely arranged trabeculae.
    • Pia mater is the innermost layer consisting of flattened mesenchymal-derived cells.

Structures of the Central Nervous System

  • White matter consists mostly of myelinated nerve fibers, as well as unmyelinated fibers and glial cells.
  • Gray matter consists mostly of neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells.
  • The cerebrum has a pia mater, gray matter, and white matter.
  • Cerebral cortex's layers are molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, ganglionic, and multiform.
  • Cerebellum consists of cerebellar cortex, molecular layer, granule cell layer, and white matter. Spinal Cord
  • Has dorsal and ventral horns within the gray matter.
  • White matter is peripherally located and consists of mostly myelinated fibers.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings.
  • Schwann cells and satellite cells are the peripheral neuroglia.

Cells of the Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells in PNS

  • Schwann cells surround axons in the PNS and can myelinate them.
  • Satellite cells provide electrical insulation and regulate nutrient exchange for cell bodies in ganglia.

Connective Tissue of the PNS

  • Epineurium is the external coat of a nerve.
  • Perineurium surrounds each nerve bundle.
  • Endoneurium surrounds individual nerve fibers.

Structures of the Peripheral Nervous System: Myelinated vs Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

  • Myelinated fibers are enclosed by a myelin sheath that prevents loss of nerve impulse
  • Unmyelinated fibers lack myelin sheaths, have smaller diameter axons, and still have schwann cells.

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