Nervous Tissue and Glial Cells
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Questions and Answers

What function do oligodendrocytes perform in the central nervous system?

  • Phagocytize debris in the CNS
  • Wrap around nerve fibers to produce myelin sheaths (correct)
  • Line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • Monitor the health of nearby neurons

    • Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in the immune defense of the CNS?

  • Astrocyte
  • Microglial cell (correct)
  • Ependymal cell
  • Oligodendrocyte

    • What role do ependymal cells play in relation to cerebrospinal fluid?

  • Monitoring neuron health
  • Producing myelin sheaths
  • Phagocytizing debris
  • Assisting with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (correct)

    • How are astrocytes characterized among glial cells?

    <p>They are the most abundant and versatile neuroglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is engaged in disposing of debris within the CNS?

    <p>Microglial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what specific action do the processes of oligodendrocytes engage?

    <p>Wrapping around nerve fibers to form myelin sheaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes?

    <p>Forming the blood-brain barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cell specifically has a spiderlike shape and function?

    <p>Microglial cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in neurotransmission at synapses?

    <p>It facilitates the fusion of vesicles with the axonal membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after calcium enters the axon terminal during neurotransmission?

    <p>Porelike openings form, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event follows the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of neurotransmission, what initiates the binding of neurotransmitter to the next neuron's membrane?

    <p>The fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the axon terminal when the neurotransmitter is released?

    <p>Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for forming porelike openings during neurotransmission?

    <p>Calcium ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the transmission of the signal at chemical synapses?

    <p>Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the receiving neuron's membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly represents the events occurring at a synapse during neurotransmission?

    <p>Calcium entry, pore formation, neurotransmitter release, receptor binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a basic reflex arc?

    <p>Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the integration center in a reflex arc?

    <p>To process incoming sensory information and generate an appropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of the reflex arc is responsible for carrying signals from the integration center to the effector?

    <p>Motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pons in the brain stem?

    <p>Regulation of breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a two-neuron reflex arc, what is another name for the sensory neuron?

    <p>Afferent neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain stem is most involved in controlling heart rate and blood pressure?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reflex arc is the simplest?

    <p>Monosynaptic reflex arc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the effector in a reflex arc?

    <p>To perform the response to the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the reticular formation play in the brain?

    <p>Filters incoming sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that merges into the spinal cord?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a two-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the reflex arc is primarily located in the spinal cord and facilitates communication between sensory and motor neurons?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the coordination of body movements?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is involved in motor control of visceral organs?

    <p>Reticular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer cortex of the cerebrum is primarily composed of what type of tissue?

    <p>Gray matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system is associated with awake/sleep cycles and consciousness?

    <p>Reticular activating system (RAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first element in a two-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Sensory (stretch) receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for transmitting signals from the reflex action to the effector organ?

    <p>Motor (efferent) neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a three-neuron reflex arc, which component is added between the sensory and motor neurons?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sensory (afferent) neuron in a reflex arc?

    <p>To transmit sensory information to the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the effector organ's function in a reflex arc?

    <p>It generates a response to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a two-neuron and a three-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Presence of an interneuron in the circuit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is NOT part of a two-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reflex is an example of a three-neuron reflex arc?

    <p>Flexor (withdrawal) reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neuroglia Types and Functions

    • Astrocytes: Most abundant and versatile glial cells, provide structural support and modulate neuronal activity.
    • Microglial Cells: Spiderlike phagocytes that monitor neuronal health and clear debris, serving as the brain's immune defense.
    • Ependymal Cells: Line brain and spinal cord cavities, cilia help circulate cerebrospinal fluid, aiding in nutrient distribution.
    • Oligodendrocytes: Wrap around CNS nerve fibers, responsible for producing myelin sheaths which insulate axons for faster impulse transmission.

    Neuron Communication at Synapses

    • Calcium's Role: Entry of calcium into the axon terminal triggers vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the axonal membrane.
    • Neurotransmitter Release: Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, facilitating communication between neurons.
    • Receptor Binding: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a response.

    Reflex Arcs

    • Basic Elements: Comprise receptor, sensory neuron, integration center (interneuron), motor neuron, and effector.
    • Two-neuron Reflex Arc: Simplest form exemplified by the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex, involving only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron.
    • Three-neuron Reflex Arc: Involves an additional interneuron, common in more complex reflex actions such as the flexor (withdrawal) reflex.

    Brain Stem Structures

    • Pons: Rounded structure below the midbrain, primarily fiber tracts, participates in respiratory control.
    • Medulla Oblongata: Inferior part of the brain stem merging with the spinal cord, contains centers regulating heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.
    • Reticular Formation: A diffuse group of gray matter that controls visceral motor functions, plays a crucial role in sleep-wake cycles and sensory filtering.

    Cerebrum Overview

    • Hemispheres: Composed of two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces; the outer cortex consists of gray matter, while the inner region contains white matter.
    • Functions: Coordinates balance, timing for skeletal muscle activity, and overall body movement coordination.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key components of nervous tissue, focusing on the roles and characteristics of various glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and their significance in the central nervous system. Test your knowledge on how these supporting cells function and contribute to neuronal health.

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