Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the difference between what the nervous and endocrine systems stimulate?
What is the difference between what the nervous and endocrine systems stimulate?
Nervous system stimulates muscles while the endocrine system stimulates organs.
What is the difference between how the nervous and endocrine systems stimulate?
What is the difference between how the nervous and endocrine systems stimulate?
Nervous system uses impulses while the endocrine system uses hormones.
What are the two divisions of the human nervous system?
What are the two divisions of the human nervous system?
Central: brain and spinal cord; Peripheral: receptors.
What are the 2 types of cells found in the nervous system, and what are their functions?
What are the 2 types of cells found in the nervous system, and what are their functions?
What is a nerve impulse?
What is a nerve impulse?
What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
What is a neurotransmitter? Name an example.
What is a neurotransmitter? Name an example.
What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? Where is each located?
What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? Where is each located?
What is a reflex arc? Why is it important?
What is a reflex arc? Why is it important?
What are 3 reflexes?
What are 3 reflexes?
What are the lobes of the cerebrum and what are their primary functions?
What are the lobes of the cerebrum and what are their primary functions?
What is an EEG and what is it used for by the medical profession?
What is an EEG and what is it used for by the medical profession?
What is CSF?
What is CSF?
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found in the human nervous system?
Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found in the human nervous system?
What is the fight or flight response?
What is the fight or flight response?
What is Parkinson's and what causes it?
What is Parkinson's and what causes it?
What is cerebral palsy, and what causes it?
What is cerebral palsy, and what causes it?
What is a stroke, and what causes it?
What is a stroke, and what causes it?
What is a subdural hematoma?
What is a subdural hematoma?
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
What is Alzheimer's Disease?
What is hydrocephalus?
What is hydrocephalus?
What is the general function of the cerebrum?
What is the general function of the cerebrum?
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
What is the general function of the cerebellum?
What is the general function of the medulla oblongata?
What is the general function of the medulla oblongata?
Right hemisphere controls body movement on the ______ side of the body.
Right hemisphere controls body movement on the ______ side of the body.
Sensation is controlled in the ______ lobe.
Sensation is controlled in the ______ lobe.
What is the fibrous meninx attached to cranial bones?
What is the fibrous meninx attached to cranial bones?
What meninx is attached to the brain surface?
What meninx is attached to the brain surface?
What is the middle meninx?
What is the middle meninx?
What is the space containing cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the space containing cerebrospinal fluid?
What meninx contains the sagittal sinus?
What meninx contains the sagittal sinus?
What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?
What separates the frontal and parietal lobe?
What separates cerebral hemispheres?
What separates cerebral hemispheres?
What is between the temporal and parietal lobes?
What is between the temporal and parietal lobes?
What is between the occipital and parietal lobes?
What is between the occipital and parietal lobes?
What controls heart and breathing rates?
What controls heart and breathing rates?
What functions in will, intelligence, and memory?
What functions in will, intelligence, and memory?
What controls body temperature and water balance?
What controls body temperature and water balance?
What controls muscular coordination?
What controls muscular coordination?
What is the pathway for fibers between the cerebrum and the pons, cerebellum, and medulla?
What is the pathway for fibers between the cerebrum and the pons, cerebellum, and medulla?
What area is affected by the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?
What area is affected by the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?
What area gives voluntary control of body movements?
What area gives voluntary control of body movements?
What area is affected by the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?
What area is affected by the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe?
What area is affected by the occipital lobe?
What area is affected by the occipital lobe?
What area controls muscles of lips, larynx, and tongue that are involved in speech?
What area controls muscles of lips, larynx, and tongue that are involved in speech?
What area is affected by visual images?
What area is affected by visual images?
What area lies on top of the superior temporal gyrus?
What area lies on top of the superior temporal gyrus?
What area is affected by the medial surface of the temporal lobe?
What area is affected by the medial surface of the temporal lobe?
What area is affected by touch sensations of the skin?
What area is affected by touch sensations of the skin?
What area coordinates learned motor skills?
What area coordinates learned motor skills?
What area is affected by odor sensations?
What area is affected by odor sensations?
What area is affected by sound sensations?
What area is affected by sound sensations?
What area provides assessment of sensory input?
What area provides assessment of sensory input?
What is the second largest portion of the brain?
What is the second largest portion of the brain?
What is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla?
What is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla?
What is fluid within the subarachnoid space?
What is fluid within the subarachnoid space?
What secretes the hormone melatonin?
What secretes the hormone melatonin?
What provides an uncritical sensory awareness?
What provides an uncritical sensory awareness?
What generates impulses to keep the cerebrum alert?
What generates impulses to keep the cerebrum alert?
What is the lowest portion of the brain stem?
What is the lowest portion of the brain stem?
What is the largest part of the brain?
What is the largest part of the brain?
What is the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres?
What is the fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres?
What receives sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebrum?
What receives sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebrum?
What contains fiber tracts associated with the sense of smell?
What contains fiber tracts associated with the sense of smell?
What regulates body temperature?
What regulates body temperature?
What consists of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres?
What consists of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres?
What is the stalk supporting the hypophysis (pituitary)?
What is the stalk supporting the hypophysis (pituitary)?
What enables cerebrospinal fluid to pass from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle?
What enables cerebrospinal fluid to pass from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle?
What is the crossing of optic fibers?
What is the crossing of optic fibers?
What is the main pathway of motor fibers from the cerebrum?
What is the main pathway of motor fibers from the cerebrum?
What is the reflex center for movements in response to auditory and visual stimuli?
What is the reflex center for movements in response to auditory and visual stimuli?
What connects third and fourth ventricles?
What connects third and fourth ventricles?
What secretes cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles?
What secretes cerebrospinal fluid into the ventricles?
Cerebrospinal fluid is released into the ventricles from the ______ in each ventricle.
Cerebrospinal fluid is released into the ventricles from the ______ in each ventricle.
CSF passes from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via an opening, the ______ foramen, and into the fourth ventricle through the _______.
CSF passes from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via an opening, the ______ foramen, and into the fourth ventricle through the _______.
From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes via the ______ into the _______ below the cerebellum.
From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes via the ______ into the _______ below the cerebellum.
How are reflexes a defense mechanism for the body? Give an example.
How are reflexes a defense mechanism for the body? Give an example.
Why is it important for doctors to test their patients' reflexes regularly?
Why is it important for doctors to test their patients' reflexes regularly?
Absence of the cancaneal reflex (ankle-jerk) may indicate damage to which region of the spinal cord?
Absence of the cancaneal reflex (ankle-jerk) may indicate damage to which region of the spinal cord?
What is an abnormal plantar reflex called and what happens? What does it signify?
What is an abnormal plantar reflex called and what happens? What does it signify?
The three major divisions of the brain are the ______, _____, and ______.
The three major divisions of the brain are the ______, _____, and ______.
The folds upon the surface of the brain are known as _____.
The folds upon the surface of the brain are known as _____.
The optic nerves from the eyes cross before entering the brain. The crossed structure is known as the _______.
The optic nerves from the eyes cross before entering the brain. The crossed structure is known as the _______.
From what part of the brain does the vagus nerve originate?
From what part of the brain does the vagus nerve originate?
The hypophysis is more commonly known as the _____.
The hypophysis is more commonly known as the _____.
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
What is contained within the ventricles of the brain?
What is contained within the ventricles of the brain?
The brain is protected by a portion of the skull known as the _______.
The brain is protected by a portion of the skull known as the _______.
The swellings on the dorsal roots of spinal nerves are known as _____.
The swellings on the dorsal roots of spinal nerves are known as _____.
What is the Circle of Willis?
What is the Circle of Willis?
What is the minimum distance at which you can focus on an object?
What is the minimum distance at which you can focus on an object?
What is the amount of detail your eye can distinguish?
What is the amount of detail your eye can distinguish?
What is the automatic adjustment of the eye for viewing objects at different distances?
What is the automatic adjustment of the eye for viewing objects at different distances?
What is the cornea or lens being unequally curved causing light rays to focus at different points, and a blur in the visual field?
What is the cornea or lens being unequally curved causing light rays to focus at different points, and a blur in the visual field?
What is side vision, or seeing objects to the sides while looking straight known as?
What is side vision, or seeing objects to the sides while looking straight known as?
Is the human eye best adapted to close-up or distance vision? How do you know?
Is the human eye best adapted to close-up or distance vision? How do you know?
What structure is responsible for accommodation? How does this structure work?
What structure is responsible for accommodation? How does this structure work?
Why do people sometimes get headaches after doing close work for a long period of time?
Why do people sometimes get headaches after doing close work for a long period of time?
What would be the proper term for someone who has a dominant right eye and writes with their left hand?
What would be the proper term for someone who has a dominant right eye and writes with their left hand?
Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Nervous system stimulates muscles; endocrine system stimulates organs.
- Nervous system uses electrical impulses for communication; endocrine system utilizes hormones.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Composed of two main divisions:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): includes brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes receptors outside the CNS.
Cells of the Nervous System
- Two primary cell types:
- Neurons: sensitive cells that conduct and transmit nerve impulses.
- Neuroglia: supportive cells that nourish and protect neurons; lack axons and dendrites.
Nerve Impulses and Synapses
- A nerve impulse is a change in polarity that travels along a nerve fiber's membrane.
- Synapse refers to the junction between two nerve cells, facilitating nerve impulse transmission.
Neurotransmitters
- Chemical messengers released at axon endings to transmit signals across synapses.
- Examples include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and endorphins.
Gray and White Matter
- Gray Matter: Contains non-myelinated nerve fibers and neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals.
- White Matter: Composed of myelinated nerve fibers with axons connecting different gray matter areas.
Reflex Arcs
- A reflex arc is a neural pathway that mediates reflex actions, allowingfor quicker reactions by bypassing the brain.
- Essential for faster responses to stimuli, e.g., pulling hand away from a hot stove.
Major Brain Lobes
- Frontal Lobe: Responsible for voluntary muscle control.
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information.
- Temporal Lobe: Associated with speech and hearing.
- Occipital Lobe: Primarily involved in vision.
EEG and CSF
- EEG (Electroencephalogram): A test that records the brain's electrical activity.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Protects and cushions the brain; found in the subarachnoid space and spinal canal.
Responses and Conditions
- Fight or flight response: An instinctual response to perceived threats, deciding to confront or flee.
- Parkinson's Disease: A progressive nervous system disorder characterized by tremors due to dopamine deficiency.
- Cerebral palsy: Results from brain damage before or at birth, leading to motor weakness.
- Stroke: Occurs from disrupted blood flow to the brain, risking neuron death.
Protective Structures and Fissures
- Dura Mater: Tough outer meningeal layer attached to cranial bones.
- Arachnoid Mater: Middle meningeal layer providing a web-like covering.
- Pia Mater: Inner layer closely associated with the brain surface.
- Various fissures (e.g., central sulcus, longitudinal cerebral fissure) help separate brain regions.
Brain Functions
- Cerebrum: Governs thought and emotion.
- Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance.
- Medulla Oblongata: Controls vital functions like heart rate and breathing.
Sensory and Motor Areas
- Somatosensory Area: Involved in processing touch sensations.
- Somatomotor Area: Responsible for voluntary movement control.
- Specialized areas (e.g., visual, auditory, olfactory) detected by their respective lobes.
Reflex Testing and Neurological Health
- Regular reflex testing is crucial for assessing nervous system function.
- Absence of certain reflexes may indicate spinal cord damage or neurological disorders.
Vision
- Near point: The closest distance at which objects can be clearly seen.
- Visual acuity: The detail level discernible by the eye.
- Ciliary Muscle regulates lens shape for accommodation.
- Astigmatism: Unequal lens curvature causing blurred vision.
- Peripheral vision refers to the ability to see surrounding objects while gazing ahead.
Brain Anatomy
- Circle of Willis: A crucial arterial structure supplying blood to the brain.
- Four brain ventricles contain CSF for cushioning and nutrient transport.
- Optic chiasma: The crossover point for optic nerve fibers before they engage the brain.
Dominance and Epistemology
- Mixed dominance occurs when a person exhibits different dominant sides of the body for various tasks, such as writing or vision.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the human nervous system with these informative flashcards. Each card covers key differences and divisions within nervous and endocrine systems. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of human biology.
