Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical orientation of the brain?
Which of the following accurately describes the anatomical orientation of the brain?
- Rostral indicates posterior, while caudal indicates anterior.
- Dorsal indicates superior, while ventral indicates inferior. (correct)
- Ventral refers to the superior aspect, while dorsal refers to the inferior aspect.
- Lateral refers to the midline, while medial is further away.
Damage to the brainstem that affects the basilar artery would most likely impact which of the following brain structures?
Damage to the brainstem that affects the basilar artery would most likely impact which of the following brain structures?
- Medulla oblongata.
- Hypothalamus.
- Midbrain.
- Pons. (correct)
Which of the following are key differences between regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which of the following are key differences between regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
- The CNS has limited regeneration due to glial scar formation and the PNS regenerates at a rate of about 1 mm per day. (correct)
- The PNS has limited regeneration due to glial scar formation.
- Both CNS and PNS regenerate equally due to similar mechanisms.
- The CNS has better regeneration due to the presence of Schwann cells.
Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis?
What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis?
Which of the following is a key function of the subarachnoid space?
Which of the following is a key function of the subarachnoid space?
Which diagnostic tool is most effective for differentiating between hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes?
Which diagnostic tool is most effective for differentiating between hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes?
Which condition is characterized by tissue death in the brain due to a disruption of blood supply?
Which condition is characterized by tissue death in the brain due to a disruption of blood supply?
Which of the dural sinuses is responsible for reabsorbing CSF into the bloodstream?
Which of the dural sinuses is responsible for reabsorbing CSF into the bloodstream?
Which of the following is the correct flow of CSF through the ventricular system?
Which of the following is the correct flow of CSF through the ventricular system?
Which brain structure serves as the primary relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex?
Which brain structure serves as the primary relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex?
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is responsible for relaying visual information from the optic tract to the primary visual cortex?
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is responsible for relaying visual information from the optic tract to the primary visual cortex?
What is the likely result of damage to the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus?
What is the likely result of damage to the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus?
Which of the following is a primary function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is a primary function of the hypothalamus?
Which structure, when damaged, can result in hemiballismus, characterized by violent flinging of the limbs?
Which structure, when damaged, can result in hemiballismus, characterized by violent flinging of the limbs?
Which of the following best describes the function of the limbic system?
Which of the following best describes the function of the limbic system?
Which component of the basal ganglia receives input directly from the cerebral cortex?
Which component of the basal ganglia receives input directly from the cerebral cortex?
What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and is essential for controlling body movements?
What neurotransmitter is produced by the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and is essential for controlling body movements?
In the basal ganglia circuits, what is the effect of the direct pathway on thalamic output?
In the basal ganglia circuits, what is the effect of the direct pathway on thalamic output?
What is the key result of loss of dopamine-producing neurons in Parkinson's Disease?
What is the key result of loss of dopamine-producing neurons in Parkinson's Disease?
Which of the following functions relates to the vestibulocerebellum?
Which of the following functions relates to the vestibulocerebellum?
What part of the brain is active while a motion is occurring using sensory information in order to adapt motor output, and controls execution of movement?
What part of the brain is active while a motion is occurring using sensory information in order to adapt motor output, and controls execution of movement?
If a patient's cerebellum is damaged, and they have significant challenges with rapid alternating movements, which specific area is likely affected?
If a patient's cerebellum is damaged, and they have significant challenges with rapid alternating movements, which specific area is likely affected?
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) carries what type of information to the cerebellum?
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) carries what type of information to the cerebellum?
What is the only efferent output of the cerebellar cortex?
What is the only efferent output of the cerebellar cortex?
Which reflex stabilizes gaze during head movements by moving the eyes in the opposite direction of the head's motion?
Which reflex stabilizes gaze during head movements by moving the eyes in the opposite direction of the head's motion?
What is the initial synaptic target of the cochlear nerve (CN VIII) in the brainstem?
What is the initial synaptic target of the cochlear nerve (CN VIII) in the brainstem?
Which structure in the eye functions as a diaphragm to control the amount of light that enters?
Which structure in the eye functions as a diaphragm to control the amount of light that enters?
After crossing the optic chiasm, fibers from which portion of the retina remain on the same (ipsilateral) side?
After crossing the optic chiasm, fibers from which portion of the retina remain on the same (ipsilateral) side?
A patient presents with vision loss in the temporal portions of both visual fields. Where is the most likely location of the lesion in the visual pathway?
A patient presents with vision loss in the temporal portions of both visual fields. Where is the most likely location of the lesion in the visual pathway?
Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity?
Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity?
Which of the following principles of neuroplasticity emphasizes that neural circuits not actively engaged tend to degrade?
Which of the following principles of neuroplasticity emphasizes that neural circuits not actively engaged tend to degrade?
What is "recovery" in the context of CNS injury?
What is "recovery" in the context of CNS injury?
Which structure is defined as a group of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system (CNS)?
Which structure is defined as a group of neuron cell bodies located outside the central nervous system (CNS)?
In anatomical terms, what is the relationship between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the spinal cord?
In anatomical terms, what is the relationship between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the spinal cord?
What type of cut would divide the brain into anterior and posterior portions?
What type of cut would divide the brain into anterior and posterior portions?
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
During neurulation, what do the alar components of somites eventually form?
During neurulation, what do the alar components of somites eventually form?
Which glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS and can myelinate multiple axons at a time?
Which glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS and can myelinate multiple axons at a time?
Astrocytes in the CNS perform which of the following functions?
Astrocytes in the CNS perform which of the following functions?
Which of the following accurately describes the glial cell response in the central nervous system (CNS) following a demyelinating event?
Which of the following accurately describes the glial cell response in the central nervous system (CNS) following a demyelinating event?
What cranial nerves are housed within the pons?
What cranial nerves are housed within the pons?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for taste sensation in the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for taste sensation in the posterior one-third of the tongue?
Which of the following functions is primarily controlled by the medulla oblongata?
Which of the following functions is primarily controlled by the medulla oblongata?
Which artery does NOT directly supply blood to the pons?
Which artery does NOT directly supply blood to the pons?
A patient presents with anosmia after a traumatic brain injury. Which cranial nerve was most likely affected?
A patient presents with anosmia after a traumatic brain injury. Which cranial nerve was most likely affected?
Which cranial nerve controls elevation of the shoulder (trapezius) and head rotation?
Which cranial nerve controls elevation of the shoulder (trapezius) and head rotation?
Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions typically produce which of the following examination findings?
Upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions typically produce which of the following examination findings?
A lesion affecting a peripheral nerve will result in muscle degradation and atrophy ______ to the site of the lesion.
A lesion affecting a peripheral nerve will result in muscle degradation and atrophy ______ to the site of the lesion.
What is the primary function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
What is the primary function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Which of the following describes the path of the corticobulbar tract?
Which of the following describes the path of the corticobulbar tract?
Which of the extrapyramidal tracts is responsible for head orientation in response to auditory stimuli?
Which of the extrapyramidal tracts is responsible for head orientation in response to auditory stimuli?
Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus and processes sensory information such as touch and temperature?
Which lobe contains the postcentral gyrus and processes sensory information such as touch and temperature?
Which of the following is a key function of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
Which of the following is a key function of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)?
A stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA) would likely result in:
A stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA) would likely result in:
Which dural sinus is directly responsible for reabsorbing CSF into the bloodstream?
Which dural sinus is directly responsible for reabsorbing CSF into the bloodstream?
What is the correct order of the meninges, from the brain outwards?
What is the correct order of the meninges, from the brain outwards?
Hydrocephalus is characterized by
Hydrocephalus is characterized by
Which of the following best describes the location of the thalamus?
Which of the following best describes the location of the thalamus?
Which of the relay nuclei is responsible for relaying auditory information?
Which of the relay nuclei is responsible for relaying auditory information?
Damage to the thalamus can lead to impairments in sensory perception. Which thalamic nuclei are most directly involved in relaying somatic sensory information from the body and head, respectively?
Damage to the thalamus can lead to impairments in sensory perception. Which thalamic nuclei are most directly involved in relaying somatic sensory information from the body and head, respectively?
Which area of the diencephalon serves as a main link between the endocrine and nervous systems?
Which area of the diencephalon serves as a main link between the endocrine and nervous systems?
Which component of the basal ganglia plays a crucial role in motor integration, body movement accuracy, and limbic-associated functions, and is also the only glutamatergic (excitatory) structure in the basal ganglia?
Which component of the basal ganglia plays a crucial role in motor integration, body movement accuracy, and limbic-associated functions, and is also the only glutamatergic (excitatory) structure in the basal ganglia?
Which structure inhibits the other thalamic nuclei?
Which structure inhibits the other thalamic nuclei?
What is the overall effect of dopamine on the basal ganglia circuits?
What is the overall effect of dopamine on the basal ganglia circuits?
Damage to which part of the cerebellum leads to impaired proprioception, incoordination, and difficulties with rapid alternating movements?
Damage to which part of the cerebellum leads to impaired proprioception, incoordination, and difficulties with rapid alternating movements?
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) carries what type of information, and to what location?
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) carries what type of information, and to what location?
Where does the vestibular portion of CN VIII enter the brainstem?
Where does the vestibular portion of CN VIII enter the brainstem?
What is the role of the ciliary muscle?
What is the role of the ciliary muscle?
Lesions to the optic radiation result in
Lesions to the optic radiation result in
Which principle of experience-dependent neuroplasticity highlights the importance of making rehabilitation specific to the desired functional outcome?
Which principle of experience-dependent neuroplasticity highlights the importance of making rehabilitation specific to the desired functional outcome?
What does "compensation" mean in the context of CNS injury?
What does "compensation" mean in the context of CNS injury?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship between the terms 'rostral' and 'caudal' in the context of the spinal cord?
Which of the following best describes the anatomical relationship between the terms 'rostral' and 'caudal' in the context of the spinal cord?
Which of the following structures is exclusively part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which of the following structures is exclusively part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
During embryonic development, which of the following primary vesicles gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus?
During embryonic development, which of the following primary vesicles gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus?
The alar plate and basal plate are components that influence the layout of dermatomes. Which of the following adult structures are derived from the alar components of somites?
The alar plate and basal plate are components that influence the layout of dermatomes. Which of the following adult structures are derived from the alar components of somites?
What functional significance does the decussation of vertical tracts in the medulla oblongata have on motor and sensory processing?
What functional significance does the decussation of vertical tracts in the medulla oblongata have on motor and sensory processing?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression and taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression and taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Damage to what region of the brainstem would most likely affect cranial nerves involved in hearing and balance?
Damage to what region of the brainstem would most likely affect cranial nerves involved in hearing and balance?
A patient presents with weakness in shoulder elevation and difficulty rotating their head. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?
A patient presents with weakness in shoulder elevation and difficulty rotating their head. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?
A patient exhibits hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and generalized weakness in multiple muscle groups. These signs indicate damage to which type of neuron?
A patient exhibits hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and generalized weakness in multiple muscle groups. These signs indicate damage to which type of neuron?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Which of the following best describes the function of the tectospinal tract?
Which of the following best describes the function of the tectospinal tract?
According to the cortical homunculus, which body parts have a disproportionately large representation in the primary motor cortex?
According to the cortical homunculus, which body parts have a disproportionately large representation in the primary motor cortex?
Which artery supplies the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres, including motor and sensory areas for the face and arm?
Which artery supplies the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres, including motor and sensory areas for the face and arm?
If a patient has a stroke affecting the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), what type of deficit is most likely to result?
If a patient has a stroke affecting the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), what type of deficit is most likely to result?
What is the correct sequence of venous drainage in the brain, starting from the cerebral veins?
What is the correct sequence of venous drainage in the brain, starting from the cerebral veins?
What is the order of the meningeal layers from the brain outwards?
What is the order of the meningeal layers from the brain outwards?
What is the primary function of the choroid plexus?
What is the primary function of the choroid plexus?
What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
What is the function of the reticular nuclei (Thalamic Reticular Nucleus - TRN) in the thalamus?
What is the function of the reticular nuclei (Thalamic Reticular Nucleus - TRN) in the thalamus?
A patient presents with contralateral sensory loss after a stroke. Damage to which of the following thalamic nuclei is most likely responsible for this deficit?
A patient presents with contralateral sensory loss after a stroke. Damage to which of the following thalamic nuclei is most likely responsible for this deficit?
What are the primary components of the epithalamus?
What are the primary components of the epithalamus?
Which structure involved in motor control is directly modulated by dopamine?
Which structure involved in motor control is directly modulated by dopamine?
In the basal ganglia indirect ('No-Go') pathway, what is the effect of the globus pallidus external (GPe) on the subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
In the basal ganglia indirect ('No-Go') pathway, what is the effect of the globus pallidus external (GPe) on the subthalamic nucleus (STN)?
Which of the following best describes the function of the spinocerebellum (intermediate zone) of the cerebellum?
Which of the following best describes the function of the spinocerebellum (intermediate zone) of the cerebellum?
What type of information is carried by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT), and where does it terminate?
What type of information is carried by the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT), and where does it terminate?
What is the function of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
What is the function of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
A patient is experiencing vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance. Which part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is likely affected, and where does this nerve enter the brainstem?
A patient is experiencing vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance. Which part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is likely affected, and where does this nerve enter the brainstem?
Which structure in the eye is responsible for refracting light into the eye, acts as a protective barrier and maintains transparency?
Which structure in the eye is responsible for refracting light into the eye, acts as a protective barrier and maintains transparency?
What is the primary function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?
What is the primary function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?
After the optic chiasm, fibers carrying information from which part of the retina project ipsilaterally?
After the optic chiasm, fibers carrying information from which part of the retina project ipsilaterally?
A patient has a lesion located in the left optic tract. Which visual field deficit would you expect?
A patient has a lesion located in the left optic tract. Which visual field deficit would you expect?
Which principle of experience-dependent neuroplasticity supports the idea that actively using impaired functions can lead to improvement?
Which principle of experience-dependent neuroplasticity supports the idea that actively using impaired functions can lead to improvement?
What does 'compensation' refer to in the context of recovery from CNS injury?
What does 'compensation' refer to in the context of recovery from CNS injury?
According to the principles of neuroplasticity, what statement is true regarding intensity of rehabilitation training?
According to the principles of neuroplasticity, what statement is true regarding intensity of rehabilitation training?
Flashcards
Nucleus
Nucleus
A group of neurons within the CNS that share a similar function.
Ganglia/Ganglion
Ganglia/Ganglion
A group of neurons outside the CNS, essentially within the PNS, that share a similar function.
Tract
Tract
A bundle of axons within the central nervous system (CNS).
Nerve
Nerve
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Afferent
Afferent
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Efferent
Efferent
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Gray Matter
Gray Matter
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White Matter
White Matter
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Sulcus/Sulci
Sulcus/Sulci
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Gyrus/Gyri
Gyrus/Gyri
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Dorsal
Dorsal
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Ventral
Ventral
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Rostral
Rostral
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Caudal
Caudal
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Medial
Medial
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Lateral
Lateral
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Horizontal Cut
Horizontal Cut
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Sagittal Cut
Sagittal Cut
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Coronal/Frontal Cut
Coronal/Frontal Cut
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
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Schwann cells
Schwann cells
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Function of Autonomic Nervous System
Function of Autonomic Nervous System
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Gastrulation
Gastrulation
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Neurulation
Neurulation
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Location of Central Nerves
Location of Central Nerves
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Location of Peripheral Nerves
Location of Peripheral Nerves
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CNS Regeneration
CNS Regeneration
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PNS regeneration
PNS regeneration
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Astrocytes
Astrocytes
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Microglia
Microglia
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System
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Ganglia
Ganglia
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Dura Mater
Dura Mater
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Arachnoid Mater
Arachnoid Mater
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Pia Mater
Pia Mater
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Tissue death
Tissue death
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Thalamus
Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Subthalamus
Subthalamus
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PNS components
PNS components
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Fourth Week
Fourth Week
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Epithalamus
Epithalamus
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Head CT
Head CT
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Hemorrhagic conversion
Hemorrhagic conversion
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Olfactory Bulbs
Olfactory Bulbs
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Relay Nuclei
Relay Nuclei
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Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity
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Recovery
Recovery
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Central Sulcus
Central Sulcus
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Superior Sagittal Sinus
Superior Sagittal Sinus
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome
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Pons
Pons
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Function of the Corticospinal Tract
Function of the Corticospinal Tract
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Tectospinal Tract
Tectospinal Tract
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Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
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Study Notes
### Circle of Willis
- A network of arteries in the subarachnoid space, surrounding the pituitary gland and optic chiasm
- Provides collateral circulation to the brain to maintain continued blood flow even if a major artery is blocked
- Main components include right and left anterior cerebral arteries, anterior communicating artery, right and left internal carotid arteries, right and left posterior cerebral arteries, right and left posterior communicating arteries, basilar artery, and vertebral arteries
- Common variations occur with 50-90% of people
### Arterial Vasculature of the Brain
- Internal Carotid Arteries supply anterior parts of the brain which include most of the cerebral hemispheres
- Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) branches off the internal carotid artery providing lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres with motor and sensory data and is the most common site of stroke
- Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) branches off the internal carotid artery and the medial and superior surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes, with motor and sensory areas for leg and foot
- Vertebral and Basilar Arteries (Vertebrobasilar System) supply posterior parts of the brain, including the brainstem, cerebellum, and occipital lobe
- Vertebral Arteries ascend through the vertebrae and enter the skull
- Basilar Artery is what forms by the joining of the two vertebral arteries and leads to branches that supply the pons and cerebellum, as well as the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) branches off supply the occipital lobe
- Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA), Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA), Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) drive supply in the cerebellum, PICA is a classic location for a stroke as its the first branch off the vertebral artery.
### Brain's Venous System
- Drains oxygen-depleted blood away and returns it to the body.
- Consists of cerebral veins and dural sinuses.
- Cerebral Veins drain blood from the brain and empty into the dural sinuses through the superficial veins and deep veins, draining the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres to the internal structures
- Venous channels located within the dura mater
- Dural Sinuses are formed by a separation of the two layers of the dura mater that is within the reflections of falx cerebri
- Blood from cerebral veins and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) all drain here
- Key components include the Superior Sagittal Sinus has the largest collection, drains blood from brain's hemispheres, extends from the occipital bone while CSF is reabsorbed into stream here
- Transverse Sinuses receive blood from the superior sagittal sinus with the Sigmoid Sinuses and Internal Jugular Veins drive that, with a return blood to the body.
- Cerebral veins -> dural sinuses -> internal jugular veins; specifically: superior sagittal sinus - transverse sinuses -> sigmoid sinuses -> internal jugular veins is the pathway
- Damage to sinuses can lead to increased intracranial pressure
### Cranial Meninges
- Three layers of membranes that cover, protect, and anchor the brain and spinal cord while supporting fluid and nerves, and the circulation
- Layers from inside out are pia, arachnoid, and dura mater and are PAD like the subacrnym
- Dura Mater is the outermost layer, the thickness, and the toughness of this creates an the name for tough mother,
- Has two layers with periosteal being closest to the skull for the outer part, plus meningeal with closest to the brain
- Forms dural reflections: falx cerebri separates cerebral hemispheres, tentorium cerebelli - separates cerebrum from cerebellum, falx cerebelli - separates cerebellar hemispheres
- Attached to the inner surface of the skull and vertebrae to mechanically protect the brain.
- Arachnoid Mater is in the middle layer in its wispy and spiderweb-like form of an avascular membrane
- Connective tissue trabeculae project and connect to the pia mater
- Cushion is through CSF in space for cushioning
- Barrier to substances and plays a role in reabsorption with bridges over the sulci, creating triangular spaces.
### Lesions and Pathology of Brain Structure and Tissue
- Pia Mater is thin layer that is directly adjacent the surface of the brain and spinal cord
- It is highly vascularized and helps with blood-brain structure
- It helps with CSF and cortical surfaces and gyri patterns
- Meningeal Spaces are:
- Epidural Space with vertebrae with blood vessels, spinal roots, and lymphatics
- Subdural Space is the thin mater where trauma causes the layer to break
- Subarachnoid Space contains the blood
### Pathophysiology Stroke
- Stroke is generally where tissue death has occurred and disrupts proper blood flow.
- Ischemic Strokes generally are 80% of all occurrences with the primary function disrupting blood flood by embolism
- Hemorrhagic Strokes are the ruptures and vessel breaks with roughly a 20% share
### Stroke Examinations
- Examinations such as the NIH Stroke Scale are used along with head exams
- Head exams such as CAT are used to determine between what specific stroke impacts
### Ischemic Strokes
- The main goal is to restore blood flow
- Therapies need to be introduced with fast procedures to achieve restoration of blood flow
- Hemorrhagic conversion is a risk that blood vessel rupture
### Revisit Clinical Stroke
- Clinical indications typically derive from what is affected with the arteries.
- Middle Cerebral Stroke: Can influence arm, limbs, faces; also speech or hemineglect can stem
as the lateral brain is hit
- Posterior Arteries impact the visual cortex
- Vertebral can impact speech and double vision plus other cognitive declines
### Cerebral Structures
- Cortex controls outer function
- The deepest groove defines the Longitudinal Feature
- The Transverse part separates from the cerebrum.
- There are multiple parts that factor the different brain levels
- Functions: Control panel for behavior and complex thinking, managing thinking,
emotions, personality, judgment, self-control, which stem from multiple substructures
- Parietal Lobe: Sensory and spacial orientation processes are also affected
- Temporal, Occipital, and Insular functions also can stem from injury
- **
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