Chapter 6 Part 4 Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What part of the nervous system connects the CNS to the rest of the body?

  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Voluntary Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System (correct)
  • Central Nervous System

    • Which layer of the meninges is the toughest and outermost?

  • Dura Mater (correct)
  • Subarachnoid Space
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater

    • Which division of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

  • Parietal Lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe (correct)

    • What is the primary role of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Fight or flight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in controlling critical functions such as heart rate and breathing?

    <p>Medulla Oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Cushioning and protection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary body functions?

    <p>Autonomic Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Balance and coordination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many neurons approximately exist in the human brain?

    <p>700 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the parietal lobe primarily house?

    <p>Sensation and proprioception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)?

    <p>Controls pupil constriction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the diaphragm?

    <p>Phrenic Nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the Sympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Increased saliva production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

    <p>12 pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of stimulating the Vagus Nerve?

    <p>Decreases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>Assists the body in returning to a calm state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about brain function and health is correct?

    <p>The brain is very sensitive to oxygen levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the digestive tract during the activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

    <p>It slows down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of spinal nerves in the human body?

    <p>31 pairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following changes could indicate early signs of brain dysfunction?

    <p>Altered consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Central Nervous System includes the brain and spinal cord, which can regenerate.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dura Mater is the innermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Cerebellum is responsible for controlling balance and muscle coordination.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Medulla Oblongata is part of the brainstem and manages voluntary muscle movements.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Peripheral Nervous System consists solely of the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the third ventricle of the brain and acts as a cushion.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Phrenic Nerve is essential for controlling voluntary muscle movements.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Autonomic Nervous System regulates voluntary body functions.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is responsible for sustaining wakefulness.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system promotes digestion and relaxation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The skull houses the brain, and the mandible is the only movable bone within it.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen and glucose are essential for normal brain functioning.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Altered level of consciousness often signifies that the brain is receiving sufficient oxygen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system helps to increase heart rate during stressful situations.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen therapy is crucial for patients with an altered level of consciousness caused by oxygen deprivation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system dilates pupils in response to stress.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'rest and digest' response leads to an increase in metabolic activity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insufficient delivery of glucose can affect a person's level of consciousness.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brain's requirements for oxygen are less critical than those for other organs.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system enhances the body's readiness for intense activity.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    The control center of the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Its tissue does not regenerate.

    What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body.

    What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

    A division of the PNS that regulates involuntary (automatic) body functions.

    What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

    The "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for stressful situations.

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    What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

    The "rest and digest" response, helping the body return to a calm state.

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    What is the Voluntary Nervous System?

    Controls voluntary (conscious) movements.

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    What is the brain?

    The primary control center of the nervous system, housed within the skull (cranium).

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    What are neurons?

    Specialized cells of the brain that communicate via synapses.

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    What is the spinal cord?

    Extends from the brainstem, connecting to the brain and controlling sensory and motor signals.

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    What are the meninges?

    Three layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing protection.

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    Cranial Nerves

    12 pairs of nerves that connect to the brainstem and control a variety of functions.

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    Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

    Controls pupil constriction, important for assessing brain function.

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    Vagus Nerve (CN X)

    Stimulation can cause heart rate to drop. May be affected during straining efforts, such as lifting heavy objects or having a bowel movement.

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    Spinal Nerves

    31 pairs of nerves that extend from the spinal cord.

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    Phrenic Nerve

    Controls the diaphragm (the primary breathing muscle). Damage to this nerve can result in respiratory failure.

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    Sympathetic Nervous System

    Prepares the body for stressful situations. (Fight or Flight)

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    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    Helps the body return to a calm state after stress. (Rest and Digest)

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    Brain and Oxygen/Glucose

    The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and glucose to function properly.

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    Brain Dysfunction

    Changes in mental status can indicate brain dysfunction.

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    Supplemental Oxygen

    Providing supplemental oxygen can be crucial for brain health.

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    Brain's Oxygen and Glucose Needs

    The brain constantly needs oxygen and glucose to function properly. Without these, brain cells can die.

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    Altered Level of Consciousness

    An altered level of consciousness is one of the earliest signs of brain dysfunction. It indicates insufficient oxygen or glucose delivery.

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    Oxygen Therapy for Brain Dysfunction

    Oxygen therapy is crucial for patients with altered level of consciousness due to inadequate oxygen delivery. It helps supply the brain with the vital oxygen it needs.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    The brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and transmitting information.

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    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    All nerves outside the CNS; connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

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    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    Controls involuntary functions, like heart rate and digestion.

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    Dura Mater

    The outermost, toughest layer of the meninges.

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    Arachnoid Mater

    The middle layer of the meninges, containing cerebrospinal fluid.

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    Pia Mater

    The innermost, thinnest, and most delicate layer of the meninges.

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    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Fluid that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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    Cerebrum

    The largest part of the brain; responsible for higher-level functions.

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    Brain Stem

    Connects the brain to the spinal cord; controls vital functions like breathing.

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    Medulla Oblongata

    Part of the brainstem that controls heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

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    Study Notes

    Nervous System Structure

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes the brain and spinal cord, acting as the body's control center. CNS tissue does not regenerate.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Comprises all nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, linking the CNS to the rest of the body.
      • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Regulates involuntary bodily functions; includes sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
      • Voluntary Nervous System: Controls voluntary muscle movements.
    • Sympathetic Nervous System: The "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for stressful situations.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System: The "rest and digest" response, restoring the body to a calm state.

    Central Nervous System Overview

    • Brain: The primary control center, located within the skull (cranium). The mandible (lower jaw) is the only bone that moves.
    • Neurons: Specialized brain cells communicating via synapses. Approximately 700 million neurons reside in the brain.
    • Spinal Cord: Extends from the brainstem, connecting to the brain and controlling sensory and motor pathways. Extends to approximately L2 (lumbar 2).
    • Meninges: Protective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
      • Dura Mater: The tough outer layer.
      • Arachnoid Mater: The middle layer; subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
      • Pia Mater: The delicate inner layer adheres directly to the brain.
    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Found in the subarachnoid space, serving as a protective cushion for the brain. Produced in the third ventricle.
    • Blood Supply to the Brain: The brain needs constant oxygen and glucose. Primary supply comes from the carotid and vertebral arteries.
    • Brain Stem: Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord, housing vital control centers.
      • Medulla Oblongata: Contains centers controlling heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and consciousness.
      • Reticular Activating System (RAS): Responsible for wakefulness.

    Brain Divisions

    • Cerebrum: The largest brain part, responsible for intellect, learning, personality, and voluntary movement.
      • Frontal Lobe: Controls personality, motor activity, speech, memory, and motivation.
      • Parietal Lobe: Processes sensation and body awareness (proprioception).
      • Temporal Lobe: Houses speech, hearing, memory, balance, and some primal emotions.
      • Occipital Lobe: Processes visual information.
    • Cerebellum: Located posteriorly, mediating balance, muscle coordination, and precise movements.
    • Brain Stem: A vital structure connecting cerebrum and spinal cord, controlling essential functions.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs connecting to the brainstem.
      • Oculomotor Nerve (CN III): Controls pupil constriction, aiding in brain function assessment.
      • Vagus Nerve (CN X): Stimulation can lower heart rate. Potentially affected during straining activities (e.g., lifting, bowel movements).
    • Spinal Nerves: 31 pairs originating from the spinal cord.
      • Phrenic Nerve: Controls the diaphragm, vital for breathing; damage can cause respiratory failure.

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Sympathetic Nervous System ("Fight or Flight"): Prepares the body for stressful situations.
      • Effects: Pupil dilation, slowed digestion, decreased saliva, bronchodilation, increased heart rate, blood redistribution to vital organs, increased breathing rate.
    • Parasympathetic Nervous System ("Rest and Digest"): Restores the body to a calm state after stress; opposite of the sympathetic system.

    Brain Function and Oxygen/Glucose

    • The brain is extremely sensitive to oxygen and glucose levels.
    • Brain dysfunction can cause changes in mental state.
    • Early signs of brain problems include altered consciousness.
    • Brain health may rely on supplemental oxygen.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate structures of the nervous system, including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). This quiz covers key components like the brain, spinal cord, and autonomic nervous system, along with their functions in the body. Test your knowledge on how these systems interact and support the overall functioning of the body.

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