Podcast
Questions and Answers
What roles do adrenergic receptors play in the body?
What roles do adrenergic receptors play in the body?
- Stress response and energy mobilization (correct)
- Mood regulation and gastrointestinal motility
- Heart rate reduction and relaxation
- Renal blood flow and motor control
Which pathway leads to the production of epinephrine?
Which pathway leads to the production of epinephrine?
- Tyrosine → Dihydroxyphenylalanine → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine (correct)
- Choline → AcetylCholine
- Histidine → Histamine
- Tryptophan → 5-Hydroxytryptophan → Serotonin
What neurotransmitter is predominantly released by the parasympathetic nervous system to affect heart rate?
What neurotransmitter is predominantly released by the parasympathetic nervous system to affect heart rate?
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine (correct)
In the autonomic nervous system, what is the primary role of serotonin?
In the autonomic nervous system, what is the primary role of serotonin?
Which autonomic pathway is responsible for influencing heart rate during moments of crisis?
Which autonomic pathway is responsible for influencing heart rate during moments of crisis?
Which receptors are primarily associated with the dopaminergic pathway?
Which receptors are primarily associated with the dopaminergic pathway?
What is the site of action for Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)?
What is the site of action for Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)?
Which neurotransmitter's pathway includes the enzyme Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase?
Which neurotransmitter's pathway includes the enzyme Tryptophan-5-hydroxylase?
What mechanism do adrenergic receptors primarily utilize for signaling?
What mechanism do adrenergic receptors primarily utilize for signaling?
During the rest state, which division of the autonomic nervous system is dominant?
During the rest state, which division of the autonomic nervous system is dominant?
What type of neurons are found in the Posterior Root of the spinal column?
What type of neurons are found in the Posterior Root of the spinal column?
Which root of the spinal column contains motor neurons?
Which root of the spinal column contains motor neurons?
In the Reflex Arc, which component follows the Sensory Neuron?
In the Reflex Arc, which component follows the Sensory Neuron?
Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems originate?
Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems originate?
Which type of receptors are activated by Acetylcholine in the pre-ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which type of receptors are activated by Acetylcholine in the pre-ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
What is the characteristic of post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the characteristic of post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
What effect does the parasympathetic system typically have on physiological functions?
What effect does the parasympathetic system typically have on physiological functions?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic post-ganglionic neurons?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with adrenergic post-ganglionic neurons?
What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
What does 'autonomic tone' refer to in autonomic motor neurons?
What does 'autonomic tone' refer to in autonomic motor neurons?
Flashcards
Posterior Root (Dorsal Root)
Posterior Root (Dorsal Root)
The dorsal root of the spinal cord, containing sensory neurons that carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
Spinal (Dorsal) Root Ganglion
Spinal (Dorsal) Root Ganglion
A cluster of sensory neuron cell bodies located within the dorsal root ganglion, relaying sensory information to the spinal cord.
Anterior Root (Ventral Root)
Anterior Root (Ventral Root)
The ventral root of the spinal cord, containing motor neurons that carry commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
Motor Neurons
Motor Neurons
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Sensory Neurons
Sensory Neurons
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Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Autonomic Tone
Autonomic Tone
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Autonomic Plexuses
Autonomic Plexuses
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Dual Innervation
Dual Innervation
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Parasympathetic Control of Heart Rate
Parasympathetic Control of Heart Rate
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Sympathetic Control of Heart Rate
Sympathetic Control of Heart Rate
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PNS Dominance at Rest
PNS Dominance at Rest
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Sympathetic Stimulation and PNS Inhibition in Crisis
Sympathetic Stimulation and PNS Inhibition in Crisis
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Serotonin
Serotonin
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Epinephrine Pathway
Epinephrine Pathway
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Histamine Pathway
Histamine Pathway
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord Structure
- The posterior root is the dorsal root, containing sensory neurons
- The spinal (dorsal) root ganglion also contains sensory neurons
- The anterior root is the ventral root, containing motor neurons
- Motor neurons send signals out of the central nervous system (CNS)
- Sensory neurons carry messages to the brain
Reflex Arc
- Sensory receptor detects stimuli
- Sensory neuron transmits signal to CNS
- Information processing occurs in CNS
- Motor neuron carries signal
- Effector (muscle) responds
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
- Originates in the thoracolumbar region (T1-L2)
- Pre-ganglionic fibers are short and myelinated
- Post-ganglionic fibers are long and non-myelinated
- Pre-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic, nicotinic
- Post-ganglionic neurons are adrenergic
- Generally increases and dilates
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
- Originates in the craniosacral region
- Pre-ganglionic fibers are long and myelinated
- Post-ganglionic fibers are short and non-myelinated
- Pre-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic, nicotinic
- Post-ganglionic neurons are cholinergic, muscarinic
- Generally decreases and constricts
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh) primarily in the preganglionic neurons of both systems, and some postganglionic in the PNS
- Some postganglionic neurons release Norepinephrine or Epinephrine (SNS)
- These responses can be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the target organ and receptor type
Autonomic Tone
- Autonomic motor neurons maintain a background level of activity
- This is important in situations where dual innervation is present
Dual Innervation
- Heart, blood vessels, and other visceral organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
- Autonomic plexuses are nerve networks in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities formed by pre and post ganglionic fibers
- ACh (parasympathetic) usually slows heart rate. NE (sympathetic) accelerates heart rate.
Autonomic Pathways
- Parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways vary
- Pathway a shows parasympathetic, b sympathetic, c adrenal pathway
- Autonomic targets: smooth and cardiac muscles, some glands and adipose tissues
Neurotransmitters and Receptor Types
- Sympathetic division uses norepinephrine, which binds to adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)
- Parasympathetic division uses acetylcholine, which binds to cholinergic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic)
- Specific receptors and their effects vary
- Norepinephrine effects are often alpha or beta, and acetylcholine effects are muscarinic.
Additional Info
- Norepinephrine(NE), a prominent neurotransmitter, has specific receptor types (α, β) affecting physiological responses
- Specific enzyme pathways for NE (tyrosine → dopamine → norepinephrine) and other neurotransmitters(serotonin, histamine) are shown
- Different neurotransmitter pathways exist (histamine, serotonin) with distinct origins, synthesis, and actions
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